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Fostering multidisciplinary research on interactions between chemistry, biology, and physics within the coupled cryosphere-atmosphere system

30 December, 2019 by Anna Jones, Markus Frey

The cryosphere, which comprises a large portion of Earth’s surface, is rapidly changing as a consequence of global climate change. Ice, snow, and frozen ground in the polar and alpine…

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Particle‐in‐cell experiments examine electron diffusion by whistler‐mode waves: 1. Benchmarking with a cold plasma

26 December, 2019 by Hayley Allison, Nigel Meredith, Sarah Glauert

Using a particle‐in‐cell code, we study the diffusive response of electrons due to wave‐particle interactions with whistler‐mode waves. The relatively simple configuration of field‐aligned waves in a cold plasma is…

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Comparison of multiple and logistic regression analyses of relativistic electron flux enhancement at geosynchronous orbit following storms

26 December, 2019 by Mark Clilverd

Many factors influence relativistic outer radiation belt electron fluxes, such as waves in the ultra low frequency (ULF) Pc5, very low frequency (VLF), and electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) frequency bands,…

Read more on Comparison of multiple and logistic regression analyses of relativistic electron flux enhancement at geosynchronous orbit following storms

Bias correction of high-resolution regional climate model precipitation output gives the best estimates of precipitation in Himalayan catchments

23 December, 2019 by Andrew Orr, Clare Allen, Daniel Bannister, Scott Hosking, Tony Phillips

The need to provide accurate estimates of precipitation over catchments in the Hindu Kush, Karakoram, and Himalaya mountain ranges for hydrological and water resource systems assessments is widely recognized, as…

Read more on Bias correction of high-resolution regional climate model precipitation output gives the best estimates of precipitation in Himalayan catchments

Gravity waves in the winter stratosphere over the Southern Ocean: high-resolution satellite observations and 3-D spectral analysis.

17 December, 2019 by Tracy Moffat-Griffin

Atmospheric gravity waves play a key role in the transfer of energy and momentum between layers of the Earth's atmosphere. However, nearly all Global Circulation Models (GCMs) seriously under-represent the…

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The first global deep-sea stable isotope assessment reveals the unique trophic ecology of Vampire Squid Vampyroteuthis infernalis (Cephalopoda)

13 December, 2019

Vampyroteuthis infernalis Chun, 1903, is a widely distributed deepwater cephalopod with unique morphology and phylogenetic position. We assessed its habitat and trophic ecology on a global scale via stable isotope…

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Antarctic sea ice proxies from marine and ice core archives suitable for reconstructing sea ice over the past 2000 years

4 December, 2019 by Amy King, Claire Allen, Liz Thomas, Holly Winton, Victoria Peck

Dramatic changes in sea ice have been observed in both poles in recent decades. However, the observational period for sea ice is short, and the climate models tasked with predicting…

Read more on Antarctic sea ice proxies from marine and ice core archives suitable for reconstructing sea ice over the past 2000 years

Genistein and estradiol have common and specific impacts on the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) skin-scale barrier

1 December, 2019 by Michael Thorne

Teleost fish scales play important roles in animal protection and homeostasis. They can be targeted by endogenous estrogens and by environmental estrogenic endocrine disruptors. The phytoestrogen genistein is ubiquitous in…

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Biomineralization plasticity and environmental heterogeneity predict geographical resilience patterns of foundation species to future change

1 December, 2019 by Jakob Thyrring, Lloyd Peck, Luca Telesca

Although geographical patterns of species' sensitivity to environmental changes are defined by interacting multiple stressors, little is known about compensatory processes shaping regional differences in organismal vulnerability. Here, we examine…

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Topographic control of Southern Ocean gyres and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current: a barotropic perspective

1 December, 2019 by Dave Munday, Michael Meredith, Paul Holland, Ryan Patmore

In the Southern Ocean the Antarctic Circumpolar Current is significantly steered by large topographic features, and sub-polar gyres form in their lee. The geometry of topographic features in the Southern…

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Angiosperm symbioses with non‐mycorrhizal fungal partners enhance N acquisition from ancient organic matter in a warming maritime Antarctic

1 December, 2019 by Kevin Newsham

In contrast to the situation in plants inhabiting most of the world’s ecosystems, mycorrhizal fungi are usually absent from roots of the only two native vascular plant species of maritime…

Read more on Angiosperm symbioses with non‐mycorrhizal fungal partners enhance N acquisition from ancient organic matter in a warming maritime Antarctic

Modeling satellite gravity gradient data to derive density, temperature, and viscosity structure of the Antarctic lithosphere

1 December, 2019 by Fausto Ferraccioli

In this study we combine seismological and petrological models with satellite gravity gradient data to obtain the thermal and compositional structure of the Antarctic lithosphere. Our results indicate that Antarctica…

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High foraging site fidelity and spatial segregation among individual great black‐backed gulls

1 December, 2019 by Richard Phillips, Thomas Clay, Thomas Clay

Individual foraging site fidelity, whereby individuals repeatedly visit the same foraging areas, is widespread in nature, and likely benefits individuals through higher foraging efficiency and potentially, higher breeding success. It…

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Heat distribution in the Southeast Pacific is only weakly sensitive to high-latitude heat flux and wind stress.

1 December, 2019 by Andrew Meijers, Dani Jones, Emma Boland, Emily Shuckburgh

The Southern Ocean features regionally‐varying ventilation pathways that transport heat and carbon from the surface ocean to the interior thermocline on timescales of decades to centuries, but the factors that…

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Thermal tolerance patterns of a carabid beetle sampled along invasion and altitudinal gradients at a sub-Antarctic island

1 December, 2019 by Peter Convey

Highlights • Insects sampled along the invasion gradient were not characterized by an increased thermal tolerance. • Significant differences in the ability to recover from thermal stress were found among…

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Habitat, trophic levels and migration patterns of the short-finned squid Illex argentinus from stable isotope analysis of beak regions

1 December, 2019 by Richard Phillips

Illex argentinus is an ecologically and economically important species, assumed to be restricted to the Patagonian Shelf and around the subtropical convergence. Beaks found in diet samples from black-browed albatrosses…

Read more on Habitat, trophic levels and migration patterns of the short-finned squid Illex argentinus from stable isotope analysis of beak regions

Differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar for tide modelling in Antarctic ice-shelf grounding zones

29 November, 2019 by Oliver Marsh

Differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) is an essential tool for detecting ice-sheet motion near Antarctica's oceanic margin. These space-borne measurements have been used extensively in the past to map…

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Moderate reductions in dissolved oxygen may compromise performance in an ecologically-important estuarine invertebrate

25 November, 2019 by Melody Clark

Coastal ecosystems, including estuaries, are increasingly pressured by expanding hypoxic regions as a result of human activities such as increased release of nutrients and global warming. Hypoxia is often defined…

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Who wins when the competition heats up? Effects of climate change on interactions among three Antarctic penguin species

20 November, 2019 by Harriet Clewlow

This thesis sought to elucidate the mechanisms driving the large-scale population changes observed in Pygoscelis penguins in the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP)/Scotia Sea region since the 1970s, with particular focus…

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Fauna of the Kemp Caldera and its upper bathyal hydrothermal vents (South Sandwich Arc, Antarctica)

20 November, 2019 by Andrew Clarke, David Pearce, Katrin Linse, Robert Larter

Faunal assemblages at hydrothermal vents associated with island-arc volcanism are less well known than those at vents on mid-ocean ridges and back-arc spreading centres. This study characterizes chemosynthetic biotopes at…

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Nitrogen isotope fractionation explains the 15N enrichment of Antarctic cryptogams by volatilized ammonia from penguin and seal colonies

19 November, 2019 by Peter Convey

Vegetation near bird and seal rookeries typically has high δ15N signatures and these high values are linked to the enriched δ15N values of rookery soils. However, Antarctic cryptogams are mostly…

Read more on Nitrogen isotope fractionation explains the 15N enrichment of Antarctic cryptogams by volatilized ammonia from penguin and seal colonies

Dwarf brooder versus giant broadcaster: combining genetic and reproductive data to unravel cryptic diversity in an Antarctic brittle star

9 November, 2019 by Chester Sands, Quentin Jossart

Poecilogony, or multiple developmental modes in a single species, is exceedingly rare. Several species described as poecilogenous were later demonstrated to be multiple (cryptic) species with a different developmental mode.…

Read more on Dwarf brooder versus giant broadcaster: combining genetic and reproductive data to unravel cryptic diversity in an Antarctic brittle star

Genome‐wide SNP data reveal improved evidence for Antarctic glacial refugia and dispersal of terrestrial invertebrates

8 November, 2019 by Peter Convey

Antarctica is isolated, surrounded by the Southern Ocean, and has experienced extreme environmental conditions for millions of years, including during recent Pleistocene glacial maxima. How Antarctic terrestrial species might have…

Read more on Genome‐wide SNP data reveal improved evidence for Antarctic glacial refugia and dispersal of terrestrial invertebrates

Extremes in benthic ecosystem services; Blue carbon natural capital shallower than 1000 m in isolated, small and young Ascension Island’s EEZ

7 November, 2019 by Chester Sands, David Barnes

Biodiversity tends to decrease with increasing isolation and reduced habitat size, and increase with habitat age. Ascension Island and its seamounts are small, isolated and relatively young, yet, within its…

Read more on Extremes in benthic ecosystem services; Blue carbon natural capital shallower than 1000 m in isolated, small and young Ascension Island’s EEZ

Marine climate and hydrography of the Coralline Crag (early Pliocene, UK): isotopic evidence from 16 benthic invertebrate taxa

5 November, 2019 by Rebecca Vignols

The taxonomic composition of the biota of the Coralline Crag Formation (early Pliocene, eastern England) provides conflicting evidence of seawater temperature during deposition, some taxa indicating cool temperate conditions by…

Read more on Marine climate and hydrography of the Coralline Crag (early Pliocene, UK): isotopic evidence from 16 benthic invertebrate taxa

Bacterial community composition and diversity respond to nutrient amendment but not warming in a southern maritime Antarctic soil

1 November, 2019 by Kevin Newsham

A resumption of climate warming in maritime Antarctica, arising from continued greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere, is predicted to lead to further expansions of plant populations across the region,…

Read more on Bacterial community composition and diversity respond to nutrient amendment but not warming in a southern maritime Antarctic soil

Nature and timing of biotic recovery in Antarctic benthic marine ecosystems following the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction

1 November, 2019 by Alistair Crame, Jane Francis, Rowan Whittle, Vanessa Bowman

Taxonomic and ecological recovery from the Cretaceous–Palaeogene (K–Pg) mass extinction 66 million years ago shaped the composition and structure of modern ecosystems. The timing and nature of recovery has been…

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Antarctic phytoplankton community composition and size structure: importance of ice type and temperature as regulatory factors

1 November, 2019 by Hugh Venables

Climate change at the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) is predicted to cause major changes in phytoplankton community composition, however, detailed seasonal field data remain limited and it is largely unknown…

Read more on Antarctic phytoplankton community composition and size structure: importance of ice type and temperature as regulatory factors

Three-dimensional structure of a cold-core Arctic eddy interacting with the Chukchi Slope Current

1 November, 2019 by Alexander Brearley, Ryan Scott

A rapid, high‐resolution shipboard survey, using a combination of lowered and expendable hydrographic measurements and vessel‐mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler data, provided a unique three‐dimensional view of an Arctic anti‐cyclonic…

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Holocene glacier fluctuations and environmental changes in sub-Antarctic South Georgia inferred from a sediment record from a coastal inlet

30 October, 2019 by Bianca Perren, Claire Allen

The sub-Antarctic island of South Georgia provides terrestrial and coastal marine records of climate variability, which are crucial for the understanding of the drivers of Holocene climate changes in the…

Read more on Holocene glacier fluctuations and environmental changes in sub-Antarctic South Georgia inferred from a sediment record from a coastal inlet

Genomics detects population structure within and between ocean basins in a circumpolar seabird: the white‐chinned petrel

29 October, 2019 by Richard Phillips

The Southern Ocean represents a continuous stretch of circumpolar marine habitat, but the potential physical and ecological drivers of evolutionary genetic differentiation across this vast ecosystem remain unclear. We tested…

Read more on Genomics detects population structure within and between ocean basins in a circumpolar seabird: the white‐chinned petrel

Regional, seasonal, and inter-annual variations of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic temperature anomalies related to the Mansurov effect

29 October, 2019 by Mervyn Freeman

We use National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis data to show that Antarctic surface air temperature anomalies result from differences in the daily-mean duskward component, By,…

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Increasing impacts by Antarctica’s most widespread invasive plant species as result of direct competition with native vascular plants

24 October, 2019 by Peter Convey

Biological invasions represent significant economic and conservation challenges, though it is widely acknowledged that their impacts are often poorly documented and difficult to predict. In the Antarctic, one non-native vascular…

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More than the eye can see: Genomic insights into the drivers of genetic differentiation in Royal/Macaroni penguins across the Southern Ocean.

1 October, 2019 by Philip Trathan

The study of systematics in wide-ranging seabirds can be challenging due to the vast geographic scales involved, as well as the possible discordance between molecular, morphological and behavioral data. In…

Read more on More than the eye can see: Genomic insights into the drivers of genetic differentiation in Royal/Macaroni penguins across the Southern Ocean.

Physiological and thylakoid ultrastructural changes in cyanobacteria in response to toxic manganese concentrations

1 October, 2019 by Peter Convey

In this study, two cyanobacterial strains (morphologically identified as Microcystis novacekii BA005 and Nostoc paludosum BA033) were exposed to different Mn concentrations: 7.0, 10.5, 15.7, 23.6 and 35.4 mg L−1 for BA005;…

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Squid in the diet of Antarctic fur seals: potential links to oceanographic conditions and Antarctic krill abundance

1 October, 2019 by Iain Staniland

Understanding how changes in oceanographic conditions affect predators and their prey is fundamental for interpreting variability in natural marine ecosystems. At South Georgia, Antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus gazella are known…

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