Simon Morley

Ecophysiologist

Simon Morley

Contact

Simon Morley

Research interests

Understanding how species distributions will change is one of the most prescient questions in biology. This is key information to help scientists, conservationists and policy makers better predict future patterns of biodiversity and the ecosystem services they provide. Investigations into how species physiologies are correlated with their environment, and the mechanisms underlying these correlations, are a crucial part of improving these predictions. The majority of recent shifts in species ranges have been correlated with increasing surface temperature, highlighting the key effect of temperature on ectotherms. However, multiple factors, such as ocean acidification and salinity, are likely to interact with changes in temperature, leading to shifts in the ecological balance.
Latitudinal gradients which incorporate a number of overlapping species ranges are “natural laboratories” for investigating the link between environmental variability and physiological flexibility. Recent advances in understanding the importance of aerobic capacity in setting temperature limits provide a framework for testing the physiological capacity of species that can be applied across these gradients. However, the importance of these mechanisms at different scales needs further investigation as we extrapolate from laboratory experiments to field scenarios. I use a combination of whole animal (e.g. behaviour and reproduction) and tissue biochemistry assays (e.g. metabolic pathways) to investigate the scale at which environmental variability best determines physiological flexibility.
 

Collaborations

Dr Amanda Bates, University of Tasmania, Australia

Dr Piero Calosi, University of Plymouth, UK

Dr. Rob Day, University of Melbourne, Australia

Dr Karen von Juterzenka, University of Bogor, Java,

Dr Claudio Gonzalez-wevar, University of Magallanes

Dr Miles Lamare, University of Otago, New Zealand

Dr Patricio Manriquez, Universidad Austral de Chile

Dr Tan Koh Siang, Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore

Publications from NERC Open Research Archive

2019

Küpper, Frithjof C., Amsler, Charles D., Morley, Simon, de Reviers, Bruno, Reichardt, Aurelia, Peck, Lloyd S., Peters, Akira F.. (2019) Juvenile morphology of the large Antarctic canopy-forming brown alga, Desmarestia menziesii J. Agardh. Polar Biology, 42. 2097-2103. 10.1007/s00300-019-02584-3

Ferreira, Guilherme V.B., Barletta, Mario, Lima, André R. A., Morley, Simon, Costa, Monica F.. (2019) Dynamics of marine debris ingestion by profitable fishes along the estuarine ecocline. Scientific Reports, 9. 12 pp. 10.1038/s41598-019-49992-3

Vause, Belinda J., Morley, Simon A., Fonseca, Vera, Jażdżewska, Anna, Ashton, Gail V., Barnes, David K.A., Giebner, Hendrik, Clark, Melody S., Peck, Lloyd S.. (2019) Spatial and temporal dynamics of Antarctic shallow soft-bottom benthic communities: ecological drivers under climate change. BMC Ecology, 19. 10.1186/s12898-019-0244-x

Spicer, John I., Morley, Simon A.. (2019) Will giant polar amphipods be first to fare badly in an oxygen-poor ocean? Testing hypotheses linking oxygen to body size. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (B), 374. 10.1098/rstb.2019.0034

Spicer, John I., Morley, Simon A., Bozinovic, Francisco. (2019) Physiological diversity, biodiversity patterns and global climate change: testing key hypotheses involving temperature and oxygen. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (B), 374. 10.1098/rstb.2019.0032

Morley, S.A., Peck, L.S., Sunday, J., Heiser, S., Bates, A.E.. (2019) Physiological acclimation and persistence of ecothermic species under extreme heat events. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 28. 1018-1037. 10.1111/geb.12911

Morley, Simon A., Barnes, David K.A., Dunn, Michael J.. (2019) Predicting which species succeed in climate-forced polar seas. Frontiers in Marine Science, 5. 13 pp. 10.3389/fmars.2018.00507

González-Wevar, Claudio A., Gérard, Karin, Rosenfeld, Sebastian, Saucède, Thomas, Naretto, Javier, Díaz, Angie, Morley, Simon A., Brickle, Paul, Poulin, Elie. (2019) Cryptic speciation in Southern Ocean Aequiyoldia eightsii (Jay, 1839): Mio-Pliocene trans-Drake Passage separation and diversification. Progress in Oceanography, 174. 44-54. 10.1016/j.pocean.2018.09.004

2018

Barnes, David K.A., Morley, Simon A., Bell, J., Brewin, P., Bridgen, K., Collins, M., Glass, T., Goodall-Copestake, Will P., Henry, L., Laptikhovsky, V., Piechaud, N., Richardson, A., Rose, P., Sands, Chester J., Schofield, A., Shreeve, R., Small, A., Stamford, T., Taylor, B.. (2018) Marine plastics threatens giant Atlantic Marine Protected Areas. Current Biology, 28. R1137-R1138. 10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.064

Souster, Terri A., Morley, Simon A., Peck, Lloyd S.. (2018) Seasonality of oxygen consumption in five common Antarctic benthic marine invertebrates. Polar Biology, 41. 897-908. 10.1007/s00300-018-2251-3

Ferreira, Guilherme V.B., Barletta, Mário, Lima, André R.A., Morley, Simon A., Justino, Anne K.S., Costa, Monica F.. (2018) High intake rates of microplastics in a Western Atlantic predatory fish, and insights of a direct fishery effect. Environmental Pollution, 236. 706-717. 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.095

González-Wevar, Claudio A., Segovia, Nicolás I., Rosenfeld, Sebastián, Ojeda, Jaime, Hüne, Mathias, Naretto, Javier, Saucède, Thomas, Brickle, Paul, Morley, Simon, Féral, Jean-Pierre, Spencer, Hamish G., Poulin, Elie. (2018) Unexpected absence of island endemics: Long-distance dispersal in higher latitude sub-Antarctic Siphonaria (Gastropoda: Euthyneura) species. Journal of Biogeography, 45. 874-884. 10.1111/jbi.13174

2017

Ashton, Gail V., Barnes, David K.A., Morley, Simon A., Peck, Lloyd S.. (2017) Response to van der Meer. Current Biology, 27. R1303-R1304. 10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.066

Watson, Sue-Ann, Morley, Simon A., Peck, Lloyd S.. (2017) Latitudinal trends in shell production cost from the tropics to the poles. Science Advances, 3. 9 pp. 10.1126/sciadv.1701362

Ashton, Gail V., Morley, Simon A., Barnes, David K.A., Clark, Melody S., Peck, Lloyd S.. (2017) Warming by 1°C drives species and assemblage level responses in Antarctica’s marine shallows. Current Biology, 27. 2698-2705. 10.1016/j.cub.2017.07.048

Morley, S.A., Nguyen, K.D., Peck, L.S., Lai, C.H., Tan, K.S.. (2017) Can acclimation of thermal tolerance, in adults and across generations, act as a buffer against climate change in tropical marine ectotherms?. Journal of Thermal Biology, 68B. 195-199. 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.09.007

Nolan, E.T., Barnes, D.K.A., Brown, J., Downes, K., Enderlein, P., Gowland, E., Hogg, O.T., Laptikhovsky, V., Morley, S.A., Mrowicki, R.J., Richardson, A., Sands, C.J., Weber, N., Weber, S., Brickle, P.. (2017) Biological and physical characterization of the seabed surrounding Ascension Island from 100–1000 m. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 97. 647-659. 10.1017/S0025315417000820

Clark, Melody S., Sommer, Ulf, Sihra, Jaspreet K., Thorne, Michael A.S., Morley, Simon A., King, Michelle, Viant, Mark R., Peck, Lloyd S.. (2017) Biodiversity in marine invertebrate responses to acute warming revealed by a comparative multi-omics approach. Global Change Biology, 23. 318-330. 10.1111/gcb.13357

2016

Morley, Simon A., Suckling, Coleen C., Clark, Melody S., Cross, Emma L., Peck, Lloyd S.. (2016) Long-term effects of altered PH and temperature on the feeding energetics of the Antarctic sea urchin, Sterechinus neumayeri. Biodiversity, 17. 34-45. 10.1080/14888386.2016.1174956

Morley, S.A., Bates, A.E., Lamare, M, Richard, J, Nguyen, K.D., Brown, J, Peck, L.S.. (2016) Rates of warming and the global sensitivity of shallow water marine invertebrates to elevated temperature. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 96. 159-165. doi:10.1017/S0025315414000307

Barnes, David K.A., Ireland, Louise, Hogg, Oliver T., Morley, Simon, Enderlein, Peter, Sands, Chester J.. (2016) Why is the South Orkney Island shelf (the world’s first high seas marine protected area) a carbon immobilization hotspot?. Global Change Biology, 22. 1110-1120. 10.1111/gcb.13157

González-Wevar, Claudio A., Chown, Steven L., Morley, Simon, Coria, Nestor, Saucéde, Thomas, Poulin, Elie. (2016) Out of Antarctica: quaternary colonization of sub-Antarctic Marion Island by the limpet genus Nacella (Patellogastropoda: Nacellidae). Polar Biology, 39. 77-89. doi:10.1007/s00300-014-1620-9

Morley, Simon A., Berman, Jade, Barnes, David K. A., de Juan Carbonell, Carlos, Downey, Rachel V., Peck, Lloyd S.. (2016) Extreme phenotypic plasticity in metabolic physiology of Antarctic demosponges. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 3. doi:10.3389/fevo.2015.00157

2015

Peck, Lloyd S., Thorne, Michael A.S., Hoffman, Joseph I., Morley, Simon A., Clark, Melody S.. (2015) Variability among individuals is generated at the gene expression level. Ecology, 96. 2004-2014. 10.1890/14-0726.1

Suckling, Coleen C., Clark, Melody S., Richard, Joelle, Morley, Simon A., Thorne, Michael A.S., Harper, Elizabeth M., Peck, Lloyd S.. (2015) Adult acclimation to combined temperature and pH stressors significantly enhances reproductive outcomes compared to short-term exposures. Journal of Animal Ecology, 84. 773-784. 10.1111/1365-2656.12316

2014

Morley, Simon A., Lai, Chien-Hsiang, Clarke, Andrew, Tan, Koh Siang, Thorne, Michael A. S., Peck, Lloyd S.. (2014) Limpet feeding rate and the consistency of physiological response to temperature. Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 184. 563-570. 10.1007/s00360-014-0814-3

Morley, S. A., Belchier, M., Sands, C., Barnes, D. K. A., Peck, L. S.. (2014) Geographic isolation and physiological mechanisms underpinning species distributions at the range limit hotspot of South Georgia. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 24. 485-492. doi:10.1007/s11160-013-9308-8

Convey, Peter, Chown, Steven L., Clarke, Andrew, Barnes, David K.A., Bokhorst, Stef, Cummings, Vonda, Ducklow, Hugh W., Frati, Francesco, Green, T. G. Allan, Gordon, Shulamit, Griffiths, Huw J., Howard-Williams, Clive, Huiskes, Ad H. L., Laybourn-Parry, Johanna, Lyons Berry, W., McMinn, Andrew, Morley, Simon A., Peck, Lloyd S., Quesada, Antonio, Robinson, Sharon A., Schiaparelli, Stefano, Wall, Diana H.. (2014) The spatial structure of Antarctic biodiversity. Ecological Monographs, 84. 203-244. doi:10.1890/12-2216.1

Watson, Sue-Ann, Morley, Simon A., Bates, Amanda E., Clark, Melody S., Day, Robert W., Lamare, Miles, Martin, Stephanie M., Southgate, Paul C., Tan, Koh Siang, Tyler, Paul A., Peck, Lloyd S.. (2014) Low global sensitivity of metabolic rate to temperature in calcified marine invertebrates. Oecologia, 174. 45-54. doi:10.1007/s00442-013-2767-8

Peck, L. S., Morley, S. A., Richard, J., Clark, M. S.. (2014) Acclimation and thermal tolerance in Antarctic marine ectotherms. Journal of Experimental Biology, 217. 16-22. doi:10.1242/jeb.089946

2013

Bates, A. E., McKelvie, C. M., Sorte, C. J. B., Morley, S. A., Jones, N. A. R., Mondon, J. A., Bird, T. J., Quinn, G.. (2013) Geographical range, heat tolerance and invasion success in aquatic species. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 280. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.1958

Gonzalez-Wevar, C.A., Saucede, T., Morley, S.A., Chown, S.L., Poulin, E.. (2013) Extinction and recolonization of maritime Antarctica in the limpet Nacella concinna (Strebel, 1908) during the glacial cycle: toward a model of Quaternary biogeography in shallow Antarctic invertebrates. Molecular Ecology, 22. 5221-5236. 10.1111/mec.12465

Obermüller, Birgit E., Truebano, Manuela, Peck, Lloyd S., Eastman, Joseph T., Morley, Simon A.. (2013) Reduced seasonality in elemental CHN composition of Antarctic marine benthic predators and scavengers. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 446. 328-333. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2013.06.001

2012

Richard, Joëlle, Morley, Simon Anthony, Thorne, Michael A. S., Peck, Lloyd Samuel. (2012) Estimating long-term survival temperatures at the assemblage Level in the marine environment: Towards macrophysiology. Plos One, 7. 9 pp. 10.1371/journal.pone.0034655

Morley, Simon A., Martin, Stephanie M., Day, Robert W., Ericson, Jess, Lai, Chien-Houng, Lamare, Miles, Tan, Koh-Siang, Thorne, Michael A.S., Peck, Lloyd S.. (2012) Thermal reaction norms and the scale of temperature variation: latitudinal vulnerability of intertidal Nacellid limpets to climate change. PLoS One, 7. 10.1371/journal.pone.0052818

Morley, Simon, Martin, S.M., Bates, A.E., Clark, Melody, Ericson, J., Lamare, M., Peck, Lloyd. (2012) Spatial and temporal variation in the heat tolerance limits of two abundant Southern Ocean invertebrates. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 450. 81-92. 10.3354/meps09577

Morley, Simon, Hirse, Timo, Thorne, Michael, Pörtner, Hans O., Peck, Lloyd. (2012) Physiological plasticity, long term resistance or acclimation to temperature, in the Antarctic bivalve, Laternula elliptica. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 162. 16-21. 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.01.009

Watson, Sue-Ann, Peck, Lloyd S., Tyler, Paul A., Southgate, Paul C., Tan, Koh Siang, Day, Robert W., Morley, Simon. (2012) Marine invertebrate skeleton size varies with latitude, temperature and carbonate saturation: implications for global change and ocean acidification. Global Change Biology, 18. 3026-3038. 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02755.x

Harper, Elizabeth M., Clark, Melody S., Hoffman, Joseph I., Philipp, Eva E. R., Peck, Lloyd S., Morley, Simon A.. (2012) Iceberg Scour and Shell Damage in the Antarctic Bivalve Laternula elliptica. Plos One, 7. 12 pp. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046341

Richard, Joelle, Morley, Simon Anthony, Deloffre, Julien, Peck, Lloyd Samuel. (2012) Thermal acclimation capacity for four Arctic marine benthic species. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 424-425. 38-43. 10.1016/j.jembe.2012.01.010

2011

Obermüller, Birgit E., Morley, Simon A., Clark, Melody S., Barnes, David K.A., Peck, Lloyd S.. (2011) Antarctic intertidal limpet ecophysiology: a winter-summer comparison. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 403. 39-45. 10.1016/j.jembe.2011.04.003

Nguyen, Khanh Dung T., Morley, Simon A., Lai, Chien-Houng, Clark, Melody S., Tan, Koh Siang, Bates, Amanda E.. (2011) Upper temperature limits of tropical marine ectotherms: global warming implications. PLoS One, 6. 8 pp. 10.1371/journal.pone.0029340

Morley, S.A., Lemmon, V., Obermüller, Birgit E., Spicer, J.I., Clark, Melody S., Peck, Lloyd S.. (2011) Duration tenacity: a method for assessing acclimatory capacity of the Antarctic limpet, Nacella concinna. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 399. 39-42. 10.1016/j.jembe.2011.01.013

Lai, C.H., Morley, Simon A., Tan, K.S., Peck, Lloyd S.. (2011) Thermal niche separation in two sympatric tropical intertidal Laternula (Bivalvia: Anomalodesmata). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 405. 68-72. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2011.05.014

Barnes, David K.A., Kuklinski, Piotr, Jackson, Jennifer A., Keel, Geoff W., Morley, Simon A., Winston, Judith E.. (2011) Scott’s collections help reveal accelerating marine life growth in Antarctica. Current Biology, 21. R147-R148. 10.1016/j.cub.2011.01.033

2010

Peck, Lloyd S., Morley, Simon A., Clark, Melody S.. (2010) Poor acclimation capacities in Antarctic marine ectotherms. Marine Biology, 157. 2051-2059. 10.1007/s00227-010-1473-x

Obermüller, Birgit E., Morley, Simon A., Barnes, David K.A., Peck, Lloyd S.. (2010) Seasonal physiology and ecology of Antarctic marine benthos predators and scavengers. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 415. 109-126. 10.3354/meps08735

Morley, Simon A., Griffiths, Huw J., Barnes, David K.A., Peck, Lloyd S.. (2010) South Georgia: a key location for linking physiological capacity to distributional changes in response to climate change. Antarctic Science, 22. 774-781. 10.1017/S0954102010000465

Barnes, David K.A., Peck, Lloyd S., Morley, Simon A.. (2010) Ecological relevance of laboratory determined temperature limits: colonization potential, biogeography and resilience of Antarctic invertebrates to environmental change. Global Change Biology, 16. 3164-3169. 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02176.x

Lurman, Glenn, Blaser, Till, Lamare, Miles, Tan, Koh-Siang, Poertner, Hans, Peck, Lloyd S., Morley, Simon A.. (2010) Ultrastructure of pedal muscle as a function of temperature in nacellid limpets. Marine Biology, 157. 1705-1712. 10.1007/s00227-010-1444-2

Morley, S. A., Clark, M.S., Peck, L.S.. (2010) Depth gradients in shell morphology correlate with thermal limits for activity and ice disturbance in Antarctic limpets. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 390. 1-5. 10.1016/j.jembe.2010.04.040

Lurman, G.J., Blaser, T., Lamare, M., Peck, Lloyd, Morley, Simon Anthony. (2010) Mitochondrial plasticity in brachiopod (Liothyrella spp.) smooth adductor muscle as a result of season and latitude. Marine Biology, 157. 7 pp. 10.1007/s00227-009-1374-z

Ericson, Jessica A., Lamare, Miles D., Morley, Simon A., Barker, Mike F.. (2010) The response of two ecologically important Antarctic invertebrates (Sterechinus neumayeri and Parborlasia corrugatus) to reduced seawater pH: Effects on fertilsation and embryonic development. Marine Biology, 157. 2689-2702. 10.1007/s00227-010-1529-y

2009

Peck, Lloyd S., Clark, Melody S., Morley, Simon A., Massey, Alison, Rossetti, Helen. (2009) Animal temperature limits and ecological relevance: effects of size, activity and rates of change. Functional Ecology, 23. 248-256. 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01537.x

Morley, Simon Anthony, hirse, timo, poertner, hans-otto, Peck, Lloyd. (2009) Geographical variation in thermal tolerance within Southern Ocean marine ectotherms. Compararitive Biochemsitry and Physiology part A, 153A. 7 pp. 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.02.001

Morley, Simon Anthony, Tan, Koh Siang, Day, Robert W., Martin, Stephanie M., Pörtner, Hans-O, Peck, Lloyd S.. (2009) Thermal dependency of burrowing in three species within the bivalve genus Laternula: a latitudinal comparison. Marine Biology, 156. 1977-1984. 10.1007/s00227-009-1228-8

Morley, S.A., Lurman, G.L., Skepper, J.N., Portner, H-O., Peck, L.S.. (2009) Thermal plasticity of mitochondria:a latitudinal comparison between Southern Ocean molluscs. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 152A. 423-430.

2007

Peck, Lloyd Samuel, Morley, Simon Anthony, Pörtner, Hans-Otto, Clark, Melody Susan. (2007) Thermal limits of burrowing capacity are linked to oxygen availability and size in the Antarctic clam Laternula elliptica. Oecologia, 154. 479-484. 10.1007/s00442-007-0858-0

Morley, Simon A., Peck, Lloyd S., Miller, Andrew J., Pörtner, H.O.. (2007) Hypoxia tolerance associated with activity reduction is a key adaptation for Laternula elliptica seasonal energetics. Oecologia, 153. 29-36. 10.1007/s00442-007-0720-4

Morley, S.A., Peck, L.S., Tan, K.S., Martin, S.M., Portner, H-O.. (2007) Slowest of the slow: latitudinal insensitivity of burrowing capacity in the bivalve Laternula. Marine Biology, 151. 1823-1830. 10.1007/s00227-007-0610-7

2006

Barnes, David K.A., Linse, Katrin, Waller, Cath, Morley, Simon, Enderlein, Peter, Fraser, Keiron P.P., Brown, Matt. (2006) Shallow benthic communities of South Georgia Island. Polar Biology, 29. 223-228. doi:10.1007/s00300-005-0042-0

Rogers, A.D., Morley, S.A., Fitzcharles, E., Jarvis, K., Belchier, M.. (2006) Genetic structure of Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) populations on the Patagonian Shelf and Atlantic and western Indian Ocean sectors of the Southern Ocean. Marine Biology, 149. 915-924. doi:10.1007/s00227-006-0256-x

Morley, S.A., Belchier, M., Dickson, J., Mulvey, T.. (2006) Reproductive strategies of sub-Antarctic lithodid crabs vary with habitat depth. Polar Biology, 29. 581-584. doi:10.1007/s00300-005-0091-4

2005

Morley, Simon A., Belchier, Mark, Dickson, Judith, Mulvey, Therese. (2005) Daily otolith increment validation in larval mackerel icefish, Champsocephalus gunnari. Fisheries Research, 75. 200-203. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2005.04.008

2004

Morley, S.A., Mulvey, T., Dickson, J., Belchier, M.. (2004) The biology of the bigeye grenadier at South Georgia. Journal of Fish Biology, 64. 1514-1529.

Freeman, M.P., Morley, S.K.. (2004) A minimal substorm model that explains the observed statistical distribution of times between substorms. Geophysical Research Letters, 31. 4 pp. 10.1029/2004GL019989

Hughes, Roger N., Manríquez, Patricio H., Morley, Simon, Craig, Sean F., Bishop, John D.D.. (2004) Kin or self-recognition? Colonial fusibility of the bryozoan Celleporella hyalina. Evolution and Development, 6. 431-437. 10.1111/j.1525-142X.2004.04051.x

Dickson, J., Morley, S.A., Mulvey, T.. (2004) New data on Martialia hyadesi feeding in the Scotia Sea during winter; with emphasis on seasonal and annual variability. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 84. 785-788. 10.1017/S0025315404009944h

2002

Morley, S.A., Belchier, M.. (2002) Otolith and body size relationships in bigeye grenadier (Macrourus holotrachys) in CCAMLR Subarea 48.3. CCAMLR Science, 9. 133-143.

I completed my PhD in larval fish physiology, registered at the University of Liverpool with research conducted at the Scottish Association for Marine Sciences in Oban. My career has developed through the ecophysiology of bryozoans, in response to temperature and oxygen, before a stint as senior wintering scientist at the British Antarctic Survey’s fisheries research laboratory in the Sub-Antarctic Island of South Georgia. This lead to my current position as an ecophysiologist at BAS. I am also a BAS Innovation Champion for the Biodiversity Evolution and Adaptations Team within BAS. My aim for innovation is to connect our research on cold environment adaptation to wider applications with added value to society.

Education

BSc, Marine biology (hons.), University of Liverpool. May 1991

MSc, Applied Fish Biology, University of Plymouth. October 1992

PhD, University of Liverpool. 1998.

Employment History

Jan 2004-present                     Ecophysiolgist at the BAS.

Jan 2001 – Dec 2003              Senior wintering scientist at the British Antarctic Survey’s applied fishery laboratory at the Island of South Georgia

May 1998 – Jan. 2001             Ecophysiologist (PDRA) at University of Wales – Bangor

April 1993 – March 1998        Ecophysiologist (RA) at Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory

October 1992-April 1993        Larval fish histology (RA) at Plymouth Marine Laboratory