Showing 13481 items
1 January, 2002 by David Barnes
Many organisms overlap in their use of resources in space and time. Where and when resources are restricted, species must compete for them. Living space, often a critical resource controlling…Read more on Polarization of competition increases with latitude
1 January, 2002 by David Barnes
1. Resources vary critically in space and time so the ability of animals to utilize them necessarily does so in sympathy. For hermit crabs in coastal SW Madagascar, a critical…1 January, 2002 by David Barnes
Populations of the echinoid Paracentrotus lividus have undergone spectacular population fluctuations over the last 40 yr at Lough Hyne, SW Ireland, Censuses in 2000 and 2001, reported here, show no…1 January, 2002 by Eric Wolff, Robert Mulvaney
The microstructure and location of impurities in polar ice are of great relevance to ice core studies. We describe a reliable method to examine ice in the scanning electron microscope…Read more on A technique for the examination of polar ice using the scanning electron microscope
1 January, 2002 by Eric Wolff, Robert Mulvaney
[1] Electrical conductivity measurements made using the dielectric profiling technique (DEP) are compared to chemical data from the top 350 m of the Dome C ice core in Antarctica. The…Read more on Effect of density on electrical conductivity of chemically laden polar ice
1 January, 2002 by Eric Wolff, Robert Mulvaney
Samples taken from the Dome C ice core, Antarctica, and the GRIP ice core, Greenland, are examined using the scanning electron microscope to determine their microstructure. In both cores, samples…1 January, 2002
We studied the mercury contamination of 13 species of seabirds breeding on Bird Island, South Georgia, in 1998. Total mercury concentrations in body feather samples of birds caught at their…1 January, 2002 by David Barnes
A series of measurements were taken from 50 random examples of the arborescent sponges Raspailia rainosa and Stelligera stuposa at a number of sites and depths at Lough Hyne, Co.…1 January, 2002
1. The food consumption of an animal. both at the individual and the population level, is an essential component for assessing the impact of that animal on its ecosystem. As…Read more on The energetics of gentoo penguins, Pygoscelis papua, during the breeding season
1 January, 2002 by Alistair Crame
Brachiopods are reported for the first time from the Lower Miocene Cape Melville Formation of King George Island, South Shetland Islands, West Antarctica. Two genera, Liothyrella Thomson and Paraldingia Richardson…Read more on Brachiopods from the Lower Miocene of King George Island, West Antarctica
1 January, 2002 by William Block
Four case studies are used to examine the relationships of water, ice nucleators and desiccation in the cold survival of invertebrates and the viability of frozen plant material: the freeze…Read more on Interactions of water, ice nucleators and desiccation in invertebrate cold survival
1 January, 2002
1. Estimating food consumption is central to defining the ecological role of marine predators. This study developed an algorithm for synthesizing information about physiology, metabolism, growth, diet, life history and…1 January, 2002
1. The oceanography of the South Georgia region is principally that of the Southern Ocean rather than the South Atlantic. A combination of factors, including advection, local bathymetry and high…1 January, 2002 by Iain Staniland
The study examined the distribution of critical habitat for foraging by female Antarctic fur seals breeding at the island of South Georgia. Bathymetric features of the continental shelf around the…Read more on Distribution of foraging by female Antarctic fur seals
1 January, 2002 by Jonathan Watkins, Jeremy Robst, Mark Belchier, Vsevolod Afanasyev
Three separate acoustic surveys of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) were conducted around South Georgia in the 2000/01 season: in October 2000 (early-season); during late December/early January 2000/01 (mid-season), and in…1 January, 2002 by Lloyd Peck
Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of the Antarctic fish Notothenia corikeps (18.4 cm L-F) increased respectively two and fourfold above fasting levels 24 h after feeding with a single meal…1 January, 2002 by Philip Leat, Teal Riley
Silicic volcanic rocks are associated with most, if not all, continental flood basalt provinces and volcanic rifted margins, where they can form substantial parts of the eruptive stratigraphy and have…1 January, 2002 by Alistair Crame
Cretaceous radiation of angiosperms from low to high palaeolatitudes, coupled with the break-up of Gondwana, played a major role in establishing and maintaining biogeographic patterns across the southern hemisphere. Uncertainties…Read more on Cretaceous patterns of floristic change in the Antarctic Peninsula
1 January, 2002
Recent work has suggested that in highly correlated systems, such as sandpiles, turbulent fluids, ignited trees in forest fires and magnetization in a ferromagnet close to a critical point, the…Read more on Extremum statistics: a framework for data analysis
1 January, 2002 by Gareth Chisham, Michael Pinnock
The HF radar Doppler spectral width boundary (SWB) in the cusp represents a very good proxy for the equatorward edge of cusp ion precipitation in the dayside ionosphere. For intervals…1 January, 2002 by Andrew Clarke
The 2002 Annual Symposium of the British Ecological Society on Macroecology: reconciling divergent perspectives on large-scale ecological patterns was held at the University of Birmingham, UK from 17 to 19…1 January, 2002 by Mark Clilverd
The aa index provides the longest geomagnetic data set that can be used in the analysis of magnetospheric and ionospheric phenomena. All phases of the solar cycle show increases in…1 January, 2002 by Mark Clilverd
[1] We analyze Trimpi signatures during 23 and 24 April 1994 at four sites on or near the Antarctic Peninsula (Palmer, Faraday, Rothera, and Halley) on subionospheric VLF signals received…Read more on Determining the size of lightning-induced electron precipitation patches
1 January, 2002
During the past decade new questions in science have emerged that require broad inter-disciplinary approaches. 'Do asteroids and comets cause extinctions?' and 'Was there, or is there, life on Mars?'…Read more on Astrobiology – a new opportunity for interdisciplinary thinking
1 January, 2002
Some believe that the planet Mars holds promise as a new home for humankind and that it could become the focus of a large scale colonisation effort at some undefined…1 January, 2002
We used ultraviolet radiation dosimeters to investigate human exposure at two polar latitudes with a 24-h photoperiod: at Rothera Station (UK) (67degreesS) and at a field camp in the Haughton…1 January, 2002
The notion that ultraviolet (UV) fluxes, and thus biologically weighted irradiances, were higher on Archaean Earth than on present-day Earth has been a pervasive influence on thinking concerning the nature…Read more on Photobiological uncertainties in the Archaean and post-Archaean world
1 January, 2002
Of Martian expeditionary accomplishments, the Trans-Mars Expedition is the most audacious in terms of the logistical challenges imposed upon it and diversity of scientific foci it could encompass. The similar…Read more on The Trans-Mars Expedition – a long-distance, long-duration, scientific EVA
1 January, 2002
Exactly 130 years passed between the discovery by Isaac Newton that white light was composed of colors [1] and the discovery of ultraviolet radiation by Johann Wilhelm Ritter, a German…Read more on The ultraviolet radiation environment of Earth and Mars: past and present
1 January, 2002
Some molecules, particularly aromatics, have high molar extinction coefficients at wavelengths in the damaging ultraviolet radiation region of the spectrum between 200 and 400 nm. Thus, under a UV radiation…Read more on On the plausibility of a UV transparent biochemistry
1 January, 2002
Because of the ubiquity of subsurface microbial life on Earth, examination of the subsurface of Mars could provide an answer to the question of whether microorganisms exist or ever existed…Read more on Impact excavation and the search for subsurface life on Mars
1 January, 2002
Impact craters contain ecosystems that are often very different from the ecosystems that surround them. On Earth over 150 impact craters have been identified in a wide diversity of biomes.…1 January, 2002
Asteroid and comet impacts on Earth are commonly viewed as agents of ecosystem destruction, be it on local or global scales. However, for some microbial communities, impacts may represent an…1 January, 2002
Bacillus subtilis spore biological dosimeters and electronic dosimeters were used to investigate the exposure of terrestrial microbial communities in micro-habitats covered by snow and ice in Antarctica. The melting of…1 January, 2002 by Martin Collins
Three species of cirrate octopod are reported from deep-sea collections around the coasts of Greenland and Iceland in the North Atlantic. Twenty-one specimens of Stauroteuthis syrtensis were caught from east…Read more on Cirrate octopods from Greenland and Iceland waters
1 January, 2002 by Martin Collins
During January 2000 a baited video camera system was deployed fifteen times at depths of 719-1518 m around the Subantarctic island of South Georgia. Four species of lithodid (Anomura: Lithodidae)…1 January, 2002 by Martin Collins
Cephalopods (n = 515) were identified from a series of plankton and fine meshed mid-water trawls, taken between 1977 and 1999, around the British Isles. The collections were not directed…Read more on Distribution of cephalopods from plankton surveys around the British Isles
1 January, 2002 by David Barnes, Peter Convey
The oceanic islands in the Southern Ocean can be considered amongst the remotest shores as, not only are they uninhabited (except for small research stations) and geographically isolated, but they…Read more on Debris accumulation on oceanic island shores of the Scotia Arc, Antarctica
1 January, 2002 by Peter Convey
The terrestrial biota of the Antarctic Peninsula region are experiencing marked changes in climate, especially rising temperatures, precipitation, and UV-B radiation-a combination unique worldwide. These changes, combined with the inherent…Read more on Response of Antarctic terrestrial microarthropods to long-term climate manipulations
1 January, 2002 by Peter Convey
There is increasing evidence supporting rapid trajectories of environmental change in the Antarctic. This study describes preliminary data on soil faunal responses to artificial environmental amelioration obtained using a 'greenhouse'…Read more on Antarctic soil nematode response to artificial climate amelioration
1 January, 2002 by Adrian Jenkins, Hugh Corr, Keith Nicholls
[1] We describe a novel technique for measuring the basal melt rate at a point on an ice shelf. The method uses a phase-sensitive radar to observe the change in…1 January, 2002 by Alistair Crame
We still have much to learn about the evolution of taxonomic diversity gradients through geologic time. For example, have latitudinal gradients always been as steep as they are now, or…1 January, 2002 by Alistair Crame
The steepest latitudinal and longitudinal gradients in taxonomic diversity at the present day are those associated with tropical high diversity foci. Although there has been a tendency in the past…Read more on Cenozoic palaeogeography and the rise of modern biodiversity patterns
1 January, 2002 by Eugene Murphy, Philip Trathan
Recent changes in Antarctic seabird populations may reflect direct and indirect responses to regional climate change. The best long-term data for high-latitude Antarctic seabirds (Adelie and Emperor penguins and snow…Read more on Environmental change and Antarctic seabird populations
1 January, 2002 by Andrew Wood
1. The rich zooplankton, fish and squid resources on the Patagonian Shelf sustain substantial populations of largely resident seabirds and marine mammals, These habitats are also visited seasonally by similar…1 January, 2002
The Falkland Trough is a west-east bathymetric deep that separates the Falkland Plateau from the North Scotia Ridge in the western South Atlantic. It lies in the path of Circumpolar…Read more on Contourite sedimentation in the Falkland Trough, western South Atlantic
1 January, 2002 by Robert Larter
Interpretations of multichannel seismic (MCS) reflection and potential field data suggest that some prominent gravity anomalies in the Bellingshausen Sea are associated with plate boundaries that were active during the…1 January, 2002
The Patuxent Range forms the most southerly third of the Pensacola Mountains, East Antarctica. Largely unstudied since the original geological survey work of the 1960s, the Patuxent Range was thought…1 January, 2002
Observations made by the DMSP 1710 satellite during the recovery phase from geomagnetic disturbances in June 1991 show regions of He+ dominance around 830 km altitude at 09:00 MLT. These…1 January, 2002 by Adrian Jenkins, Hugh Corr
The polarization behaviour of radar waves transmitted through two Antarctic ice shelves has been investigated using a step frequency radar with a centre frequency of 300 MHz and a bandwidth…Read more on Polarization of radio waves transmitted through Antarctic ice shelves
1 January, 2002 by Adrian Jenkins, Hugh Corr, Keith Nicholls
[1] Accurate position data show that Brunt Ice Shelf has an irregular three-dimensional motion driven by the ocean tide. A 30-day GPS record from Halley station shows not only the…Read more on Tide-induced lateral movement of Brunt Ice Shelf, Antarctica
1 January, 2002
The opening of Powell Basin was part of the regional response to N55°W relative plate motion of South America away from Antarctica, which led to the formation of Drake Passage…Read more on Opening history of Powell Basin, Antarctic Peninsula
1 January, 2002
We propose a new type of robotic mission for the exploration of Mars. This mission is called Vanguard and represents the fruits of a collaboration that is both international and…Read more on Vanguard – a proposed European astrobiology experiment on Mars
1 January, 2002
One of the linchpins of the UK’s contribution to the burgeoning field of astrobiology is the Beagle 2 mission, due to fly to Mars in 2003 on the Mars Express…Read more on Vanguard: a new development in experimental astrobiology
1 January, 2002
Previous models of the equilibrium temperature and existence regions of mesospheric aerosols have shown significant radiative heating of the aerosols and, consequently, a substantially reduced existence region. We have developed…Read more on Equilibrium temperature of water-ice aerosols in the high-latitude summer mesosphere
1 January, 2002
Using ground-based measurements of the hydroxyl (OH) Meinel (3,1) band nightglow near 1500 nm, nightly means of mesospheric temperature and OH radiance from 1991 to 1998 have been derived over…Read more on Trends and variability of mesospheric temperature at high-latitudes
1 January, 2002
Recent disintegration of a number of Antarctic Peninsula ice shelves has given us a unique opportunity to investigate sub-ice-shelf sediments. We characterize three sediment facies associations of two Antarctic Peninsula…1 January, 2002
This paper outlines the requirements of an ecosystem approach to the management of Southern Ocean resources and highlights the need for information on harvested and dependent species, their interactions and…Read more on Considerations of major issues in ecosystem monitoring and management
1 January, 2002 by Eugene Murphy
Antarctic krill Euphausia superba spawned on the outer continental shelf of the west Antarctic Peninsula can be entrained into the Southern Front of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and transported across…1 January, 2002
Nothing is known about the community-scale plant ecology of early Cretaceous volcanic environments in the southern high latitudes. The paleoecology of the early Aptian (119–120 Ma) volcaniclastic Cerro Negro Formation…1 January, 2002 by Ed King
A new airborne magnetic survey of the southeastern Antarctic Peninsula and adjacent Weddell Sea embayment (WSE) region suggests a continuity of geological structure between the eastern Antarctic Peninsula and the…1 January, 2002 by Andrew Clarke, Lloyd Peck
The few studies of Antarctic marine invertebrates that have previously examined seasonal changes in physiology have concentrated on species that cease feeding for extended periods in the austral winter. In…Read more on Feast and famine in Antarctica: seasonal physiology in the limpet Nacella concinna
1 January, 2002 by Andrew Clarke, Lloyd Peck
Protein synthesis is a fundamental and energetically expensive physiological process in all living organisms. Very few studies have examined the specific challenges of manufacturing proteins at low ambient temperatures. At…1 January, 2002 by Philip Leat
The East Scotia Ridge is an active back-arc spreading centre located to the west of the South Sandwich island arc in the South Atlantic Ocean, consisting of nine main segments,…Read more on Petrogenesis of the back-arc East Scotia Ridge, South Atlantic Ocean
1 January, 2002
This report is the first seasonal study of anthropogenic pollutant biodegradation rates in Antarctic coastal waters. The capacity of surface waters from Rothera Research Station, Adelaide Island, Antarctica, to biodegrade…1 January, 2002 by Helen Peat
In this study we investigated the use of a DNA dosimeter to accurately measure changes in ultraviolet B radiation (UVBR; 280-315 nm) under Antarctic ozone hole conditions. Naked DNA solution…1 January, 2002
Primary production was measured at a series of stations in austral summer 1996 in the vicinity of South Georgia. Five stations were occupied along a 700 km transect southeastwards towards…1 January, 2002
As part of the Antarctic Digital Magnetic Mapping Project (ADMAP) workers from VNIIOkeangeologia (Russia), the British Antarctic Survey (UK) and the Naval Research Laboratory (USA) have brought together almost all…Read more on A new magnetic map of the Weddell Sea and the Antarctic Peninsula
1 January, 2002
We studied foraging activity of giant petrels during the incubation period, by simultaneously deploying activity recorders and satellite transmitters on northern (Macronectes halli) and southern giant petrels (Macronectes giganteus) at…1 January, 2002
We analysed concentrations of cadmium, lead, mercury and selenium in blood from males and females of the 2 sibling species of giant petrels, the northern Macronectes halli and the southern…1 January, 2002 by Robert Mulvaney
The European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) includes a comprehensive pre-site survey on the inland ice plateau of Dronning Maud Land. This paper focuses on the investigation of…Read more on Stable-isotope records from Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica
1 January, 2002
1. Breeding female Macaroni Penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus ) were implanted with heart rate, temperature and depth data loggers in order to estimate their rate of energy expenditure from heart rate.…Read more on Energy requirements of female macaroni penguins breeding at South Georgia
1 January, 2002 by Hilmar Gudmundsson
During a motion event on Unteraargletscher, Bernese Alps, Switzerland, in spring 1996, surface velocities were measured up to eight times a day at four different locations along the central flowline…1 January, 2002
Prehospital care in the United Kingdom rarely lasts more than a few hours other than in exceptional circumstances (for example, mountain and cave rescue, oil rigs). In other parts of…Read more on Medicine in the heart of the Antarctic: 1908-2001
1 January, 2002
Protoperidiniacean dinoflagellate cysts have been recovered from Upper Miocene sediments of Hole 1095, ODP Leg 178, drilled to the west of the Antarctic Peninsula. These cysts make up virtually the…1 January, 2002 by Roger Worland
Amblyseius californicus was introduced into the UK in the early 1990s as a biocontrol agent against glasshouse red spider mite Tetranychus urticae. This study investigated the effects of temperature on…1 January, 2002 by Jonathan Watkins, Philip Trathan
A revised precautionary catch limit for Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) in the Scotia Sea of 4 million tons was recently adopted by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine…Read more on Setting a precautionary catch limit for Antarctic krill
1 January, 2002 by Mervyn Freeman
We apply the finite size scaling technique to quantify the statistical properties of fluctuations in AU, AL and AE indices and in the epsilon parameter that represents energy input from…Read more on Scaling of solar wind epsilon and the AU, AL and AE indices by WIND
1 January, 2002
There is increasing interest in the diving behavior of marine mammals. However, identifying foraging among recorded dives often requires several assumptions. The simultaneous acquisition of images of the prey encountered,…1 January, 2002 by Richard Horne
The Earth’s radiation belts are a hazardous environment that pose a risk to astronauts and spacecraft on orbit. Having been discovered in 1958, there is renewed interest on the part…1 January, 2002
A dinoflagellate cyst record has been examined from two cores recovered from the crest and margins of a sediment drift in water depths of 3500-4500 m in the northern Scotia…1 January, 2002 by Peter Ward
Diatoms dominate spring bloom phytoplankton assemblages in temperate waters and coastal upwelling regions of the global ocean. Copepods usually dominate the zooplankton in these regions and are the prey of…Read more on Copepod hatching success in marine ecosystems with high diatom concentrations
1 January, 2002 by Mark Clilverd
Published estimates of the trend in hmF2 using data from ionosondes over the last 30-40 years range from +0.8 to -0.6 km yr(-1) and are subject to the influence of…Read more on Methodological influences on F-region peak height trend analyses
1 January, 2002 by Adrian Jenkins
[1] An isopycnic coordinate ocean circulation model has been applied to the southern Weddell Sea, including the cavity beneath Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, with the aim of investigating the buoyancy-forced circulation…1 January, 2002 by Robert Larter
The Pacific margin of the Antarctic Peninsula to the southwest of the Hero Fracture Zone (HFZ) is a former subducting margin which became inactive following the arrival of ridge crest…Read more on Post-subduction margin structures along Boyd Strait, Antarctic Peninsula
1 January, 2002 by Lloyd Peck
Muscle growth was investigated in Harpagifer species with sub-Antarctic (Harpagifer bispinis, environmental temperature (ET) 4-11°C) and Antarctic (Harpagifer antarcticus, ET -1.5 to +1°C) distributions. The trunk musculature of 1 d-old…1 January, 2002 by William Block
Acquisition and transfer of algae from distant polar locations to research facilities in the northern hemisphere may take several months, at which point the algae may be non-viable and in…1 January, 2002 by Hugh Corr
A total of 11,500 line km of aerogravity data have been used to construct an free-air gravity anomaly map for the Antarctic region that may contain the microplate boundary between…