Found 14046 items
1 January, 2002
Exactly 130 years passed between the discovery by Isaac Newton that white light was composed of colors [1] and the discovery of ultraviolet radiation by Johann Wilhelm Ritter, a German…Read more on The ultraviolet radiation environment of Earth and Mars: past and present
1 January, 2002
Some molecules, particularly aromatics, have high molar extinction coefficients at wavelengths in the damaging ultraviolet radiation region of the spectrum between 200 and 400 nm. Thus, under a UV radiation…Read more on On the plausibility of a UV transparent biochemistry
1 January, 2002
Because of the ubiquity of subsurface microbial life on Earth, examination of the subsurface of Mars could provide an answer to the question of whether microorganisms exist or ever existed…Read more on Impact excavation and the search for subsurface life on Mars
1 January, 2002
Impact craters contain ecosystems that are often very different from the ecosystems that surround them. On Earth over 150 impact craters have been identified in a wide diversity of biomes.…1 January, 2002
Asteroid and comet impacts on Earth are commonly viewed as agents of ecosystem destruction, be it on local or global scales. However, for some microbial communities, impacts may represent an…1 January, 2002
Bacillus subtilis spore biological dosimeters and electronic dosimeters were used to investigate the exposure of terrestrial microbial communities in micro-habitats covered by snow and ice in Antarctica. The melting of…1 January, 2002 by Martin Collins
Three species of cirrate octopod are reported from deep-sea collections around the coasts of Greenland and Iceland in the North Atlantic. Twenty-one specimens of Stauroteuthis syrtensis were caught from east…Read more on Cirrate octopods from Greenland and Iceland waters
1 January, 2002 by Martin Collins
During January 2000 a baited video camera system was deployed fifteen times at depths of 719-1518 m around the Subantarctic island of South Georgia. Four species of lithodid (Anomura: Lithodidae)…1 January, 2002 by Martin Collins
Cephalopods (n = 515) were identified from a series of plankton and fine meshed mid-water trawls, taken between 1977 and 1999, around the British Isles. The collections were not directed…Read more on Distribution of cephalopods from plankton surveys around the British Isles
1 January, 2002 by David Barnes, Peter Convey
The oceanic islands in the Southern Ocean can be considered amongst the remotest shores as, not only are they uninhabited (except for small research stations) and geographically isolated, but they…Read more on Debris accumulation on oceanic island shores of the Scotia Arc, Antarctica
1 January, 2002 by Peter Convey
The terrestrial biota of the Antarctic Peninsula region are experiencing marked changes in climate, especially rising temperatures, precipitation, and UV-B radiation-a combination unique worldwide. These changes, combined with the inherent…Read more on Response of Antarctic terrestrial microarthropods to long-term climate manipulations
1 January, 2002 by Peter Convey
There is increasing evidence supporting rapid trajectories of environmental change in the Antarctic. This study describes preliminary data on soil faunal responses to artificial environmental amelioration obtained using a 'greenhouse'…Read more on Antarctic soil nematode response to artificial climate amelioration
1 January, 2002 by Adrian Jenkins, Hugh Corr, Keith Nicholls
[1] We describe a novel technique for measuring the basal melt rate at a point on an ice shelf. The method uses a phase-sensitive radar to observe the change in…1 January, 2002 by Alistair Crame
We still have much to learn about the evolution of taxonomic diversity gradients through geologic time. For example, have latitudinal gradients always been as steep as they are now, or…1 January, 2002 by Alistair Crame
The steepest latitudinal and longitudinal gradients in taxonomic diversity at the present day are those associated with tropical high diversity foci. Although there has been a tendency in the past…Read more on Cenozoic palaeogeography and the rise of modern biodiversity patterns
1 January, 2002 by Eugene Murphy, Philip Trathan
Recent changes in Antarctic seabird populations may reflect direct and indirect responses to regional climate change. The best long-term data for high-latitude Antarctic seabirds (Adelie and Emperor penguins and snow…Read more on Environmental change and Antarctic seabird populations
1 January, 2002 by Andrew Wood
1. The rich zooplankton, fish and squid resources on the Patagonian Shelf sustain substantial populations of largely resident seabirds and marine mammals, These habitats are also visited seasonally by similar…1 January, 2002
The Falkland Trough is a west-east bathymetric deep that separates the Falkland Plateau from the North Scotia Ridge in the western South Atlantic. It lies in the path of Circumpolar…Read more on Contourite sedimentation in the Falkland Trough, western South Atlantic
1 January, 2002 by Robert Larter
Interpretations of multichannel seismic (MCS) reflection and potential field data suggest that some prominent gravity anomalies in the Bellingshausen Sea are associated with plate boundaries that were active during the…1 January, 2002
The Patuxent Range forms the most southerly third of the Pensacola Mountains, East Antarctica. Largely unstudied since the original geological survey work of the 1960s, the Patuxent Range was thought…1 January, 2002 by Adrian Jenkins, Hugh Corr
The polarization behaviour of radar waves transmitted through two Antarctic ice shelves has been investigated using a step frequency radar with a centre frequency of 300 MHz and a bandwidth…Read more on Polarization of radio waves transmitted through Antarctic ice shelves
1 January, 2002 by Adrian Jenkins, Hugh Corr, Keith Nicholls
[1] Accurate position data show that Brunt Ice Shelf has an irregular three-dimensional motion driven by the ocean tide. A 30-day GPS record from Halley station shows not only the…Read more on Tide-induced lateral movement of Brunt Ice Shelf, Antarctica
1 January, 2002
The opening of Powell Basin was part of the regional response to N55°W relative plate motion of South America away from Antarctica, which led to the formation of Drake Passage…Read more on Opening history of Powell Basin, Antarctic Peninsula
1 January, 2002
We propose a new type of robotic mission for the exploration of Mars. This mission is called Vanguard and represents the fruits of a collaboration that is both international and…Read more on Vanguard – a proposed European astrobiology experiment on Mars
1 January, 2002
One of the linchpins of the UK’s contribution to the burgeoning field of astrobiology is the Beagle 2 mission, due to fly to Mars in 2003 on the Mars Express…Read more on Vanguard: a new development in experimental astrobiology
1 January, 2002
Previous models of the equilibrium temperature and existence regions of mesospheric aerosols have shown significant radiative heating of the aerosols and, consequently, a substantially reduced existence region. We have developed…Read more on Equilibrium temperature of water-ice aerosols in the high-latitude summer mesosphere
1 January, 2002
Using ground-based measurements of the hydroxyl (OH) Meinel (3,1) band nightglow near 1500 nm, nightly means of mesospheric temperature and OH radiance from 1991 to 1998 have been derived over…Read more on Trends and variability of mesospheric temperature at high-latitudes
1 January, 2002
Recent disintegration of a number of Antarctic Peninsula ice shelves has given us a unique opportunity to investigate sub-ice-shelf sediments. We characterize three sediment facies associations of two Antarctic Peninsula…1 January, 2002
This paper outlines the requirements of an ecosystem approach to the management of Southern Ocean resources and highlights the need for information on harvested and dependent species, their interactions and…Read more on Considerations of major issues in ecosystem monitoring and management
1 January, 2002 by Eugene Murphy
Antarctic krill Euphausia superba spawned on the outer continental shelf of the west Antarctic Peninsula can be entrained into the Southern Front of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and transported across…1 January, 2002
Nothing is known about the community-scale plant ecology of early Cretaceous volcanic environments in the southern high latitudes. The paleoecology of the early Aptian (119–120 Ma) volcaniclastic Cerro Negro Formation…1 January, 2002 by Ed King
A new airborne magnetic survey of the southeastern Antarctic Peninsula and adjacent Weddell Sea embayment (WSE) region suggests a continuity of geological structure between the eastern Antarctic Peninsula and the…1 January, 2002 by Andrew Clarke, Lloyd Peck
The few studies of Antarctic marine invertebrates that have previously examined seasonal changes in physiology have concentrated on species that cease feeding for extended periods in the austral winter. In…Read more on Feast and famine in Antarctica: seasonal physiology in the limpet Nacella concinna
1 January, 2002 by Andrew Clarke, Lloyd Peck
Protein synthesis is a fundamental and energetically expensive physiological process in all living organisms. Very few studies have examined the specific challenges of manufacturing proteins at low ambient temperatures. At…1 January, 2002 by Philip Leat
The East Scotia Ridge is an active back-arc spreading centre located to the west of the South Sandwich island arc in the South Atlantic Ocean, consisting of nine main segments,…Read more on Petrogenesis of the back-arc East Scotia Ridge, South Atlantic Ocean
1 January, 2002
This report is the first seasonal study of anthropogenic pollutant biodegradation rates in Antarctic coastal waters. The capacity of surface waters from Rothera Research Station, Adelaide Island, Antarctica, to biodegrade…1 January, 2002 by Helen Peat
In this study we investigated the use of a DNA dosimeter to accurately measure changes in ultraviolet B radiation (UVBR; 280-315 nm) under Antarctic ozone hole conditions. Naked DNA solution…1 January, 2002
Primary production was measured at a series of stations in austral summer 1996 in the vicinity of South Georgia. Five stations were occupied along a 700 km transect southeastwards towards…1 January, 2002
As part of the Antarctic Digital Magnetic Mapping Project (ADMAP) workers from VNIIOkeangeologia (Russia), the British Antarctic Survey (UK) and the Naval Research Laboratory (USA) have brought together almost all…Read more on A new magnetic map of the Weddell Sea and the Antarctic Peninsula
1 January, 2002
We studied foraging activity of giant petrels during the incubation period, by simultaneously deploying activity recorders and satellite transmitters on northern (Macronectes halli) and southern giant petrels (Macronectes giganteus) at…1 January, 2002
We analysed concentrations of cadmium, lead, mercury and selenium in blood from males and females of the 2 sibling species of giant petrels, the northern Macronectes halli and the southern…1 January, 2002 by Robert Mulvaney
The European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) includes a comprehensive pre-site survey on the inland ice plateau of Dronning Maud Land. This paper focuses on the investigation of…Read more on Stable-isotope records from Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica
1 January, 2002
1. Breeding female Macaroni Penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus ) were implanted with heart rate, temperature and depth data loggers in order to estimate their rate of energy expenditure from heart rate.…Read more on Energy requirements of female macaroni penguins breeding at South Georgia
1 January, 2002 by Hilmar Gudmundsson
During a motion event on Unteraargletscher, Bernese Alps, Switzerland, in spring 1996, surface velocities were measured up to eight times a day at four different locations along the central flowline…1 January, 2002
Prehospital care in the United Kingdom rarely lasts more than a few hours other than in exceptional circumstances (for example, mountain and cave rescue, oil rigs). In other parts of…Read more on Medicine in the heart of the Antarctic: 1908-2001
1 January, 2002
Protoperidiniacean dinoflagellate cysts have been recovered from Upper Miocene sediments of Hole 1095, ODP Leg 178, drilled to the west of the Antarctic Peninsula. These cysts make up virtually the…1 January, 2002 by Roger Worland
Amblyseius californicus was introduced into the UK in the early 1990s as a biocontrol agent against glasshouse red spider mite Tetranychus urticae. This study investigated the effects of temperature on…1 January, 2002 by Jonathan Watkins, Philip Trathan
A revised precautionary catch limit for Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) in the Scotia Sea of 4 million tons was recently adopted by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine…Read more on Setting a precautionary catch limit for Antarctic krill
1 January, 2002 by Mervyn Freeman
We apply the finite size scaling technique to quantify the statistical properties of fluctuations in AU, AL and AE indices and in the epsilon parameter that represents energy input from…Read more on Scaling of solar wind epsilon and the AU, AL and AE indices by WIND
1 January, 2002
There is increasing interest in the diving behavior of marine mammals. However, identifying foraging among recorded dives often requires several assumptions. The simultaneous acquisition of images of the prey encountered,…1 January, 2002 by Richard Horne
The Earth’s radiation belts are a hazardous environment that pose a risk to astronauts and spacecraft on orbit. Having been discovered in 1958, there is renewed interest on the part…1 January, 2002
A dinoflagellate cyst record has been examined from two cores recovered from the crest and margins of a sediment drift in water depths of 3500-4500 m in the northern Scotia…1 January, 2002 by Peter Ward
Diatoms dominate spring bloom phytoplankton assemblages in temperate waters and coastal upwelling regions of the global ocean. Copepods usually dominate the zooplankton in these regions and are the prey of…Read more on Copepod hatching success in marine ecosystems with high diatom concentrations
1 January, 2002 by Mark Clilverd
Published estimates of the trend in hmF2 using data from ionosondes over the last 30-40 years range from +0.8 to -0.6 km yr(-1) and are subject to the influence of…Read more on Methodological influences on F-region peak height trend analyses
1 January, 2002 by Adrian Jenkins
[1] An isopycnic coordinate ocean circulation model has been applied to the southern Weddell Sea, including the cavity beneath Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, with the aim of investigating the buoyancy-forced circulation…1 January, 2002 by Robert Larter
The Pacific margin of the Antarctic Peninsula to the southwest of the Hero Fracture Zone (HFZ) is a former subducting margin which became inactive following the arrival of ridge crest…Read more on Post-subduction margin structures along Boyd Strait, Antarctic Peninsula
1 January, 2002 by Lloyd Peck
Muscle growth was investigated in Harpagifer species with sub-Antarctic (Harpagifer bispinis, environmental temperature (ET) 4-11°C) and Antarctic (Harpagifer antarcticus, ET -1.5 to +1°C) distributions. The trunk musculature of 1 d-old…1 January, 2002 by William Block
Acquisition and transfer of algae from distant polar locations to research facilities in the northern hemisphere may take several months, at which point the algae may be non-viable and in…1 January, 2002 by Hugh Corr
A total of 11,500 line km of aerogravity data have been used to construct an free-air gravity anomaly map for the Antarctic region that may contain the microplate boundary between…1 January, 2002
Knowledge of the late Miocene-Pliocene climate of West Antarctica, recorded by sedimentary units within the James Ross Island Volcanic Group, is still fragmentary. Late Miocene glacio-marine deposits at the base…1 January, 2002 by Michael Pinnock
[1] We have analyzed in detail the evolution of nightside auroral activities and ionospheric convection during the growth phase of an isolated substorm. The following three characteristic auroral activities were…1 January, 2002 by Michael Pinnock
[1] We have analyzed in detail the auroral bulge evolution during the expansion phase of an isolated substorm, which was observed by the UV imager aboard the Akebono satellite. It…1 January, 2002 by Robert Mulvaney
Detailed chemical analysis of the 122 m, relatively high-altitude and lowmelt Lomonosovfonna ice core provides the best-dated record of nitrate from Svalbard. A very significant non-linear trend present in the…Read more on A 800 year record of nitrate from the Lomonosovfonna ice core, Svalbard
1 January, 2002
Bransfield Strait is a Quaternary, ensialic back arc basin at the transition from rifting to spreading. Fresh volcanic rocks occur on numerous submarine features distributed along the rift axis, including…1 January, 2002
A re-compilation of magnetic data in the Weddell Sea is presented and compared with the gravity field recently derived from retracked satellite altimetry. The previously informally named 'Anomaly-T,' an cast-west…Read more on Seafloor spreading in the Weddell Sea from magnetic and gravity data
1 January, 2002 by Mai Mai Lam
Egorova et al. (2000) conclude that Forbush decreases (FDs) in galactic cosmic rays have a significant effect on the atmosphere at Antarctic station Vostok (78.5°S, 106.9°E) via the mechanism of…Read more on The effect of Forbush decreases on tropospheric parameters over South Pole
1 January, 2002 by Robert Larter
We present new Late Cretaceous tectonic reconstructions of the Pacific margin of Antarctica based on constraints from marine magnetic data and regional free-air gravity fields. Results from interpretation of new…1 January, 2002
Strontium isotope ratios from multiple plates of two barnacle fragments from Site 1103 (Ocean Drilling Program Leg 178) provide maximum age estimates for the oldest glacial sedimentary package drilled. Three…1 January, 2002
Five brackish to hypersaline lakes (Highway, Ace, Pendent, Williams and Rookery) in the Vestfold Hills, eastern Antarctica were investigated during the austral summer of 1999/2000. The aims were to characterise…Read more on The biology and evolution of Antarctic saline lakes in relation to salinity and trophy
1 January, 2002
The abundance and biomass of different categories of autotrophic and heterotrophic nanoflagellates were determined in surface waters along a transect crossing the Polar Front to the north-west of South Georgia…1 January, 2002 by Philip Leat, Teal Riley
Primitive magmas representing mantle partial melts minimally affected by fractionation and assimilation are rare in the magmatic arc environment. Most examples are either associated with high rates of arc-parallel extension,…1 January, 2002 by Katrin Linse
[Please note that the PDF file available is is a copy of the original PhD thesis, submitted to the University of Hamburg in 2000. It contains the same content as…1 January, 2002 by Katrin Linse
Diaphana haini n.sp. is described from Antarctica. With a depth range from about 400 to 2100 m, D. haini is the second Antarctic species of this genus to extend into…1 January, 2002 by Eric Wolff, Robert Mulvaney
In the past, ionic analyses of deep ice cores tended to consist of a few widely spaced measurements that indicated general trends in concentration. The ion-chromatographic methods widely used provide…1 January, 2002
Lamproite dykes that cross-cut Middle Jurassic Karoo-related flood basalts in Vestfjella, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, have been dated at 158.7 ± 1.6 Ma by 40Ar/39Ar incremental heating of phlogopite. Compared…1 January, 2002 by Philip Trathan
Adelie (Pygoscelis adeliae) and chinstrap penguins (P. antarctica) are morphologically and ecologically very similar, have very similar diet and breed sympatrically in the Scotia Arc from the South Sandwich Islands…1 January, 2002 by Keith Makinson
One of the warmest water masses beneath Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf (FRIS) is dense, high salinity shelf water (HSSW) that flows into the sub-ice-shelf cavity from the ice front and occupies…1 January, 2002
Observations from 2 optical ground stations and 3 MF radars at high and mid-latitudes have been combined to describe "springtime transitions" in atomic oxygen and the mesopause wind fields and…1 January, 2002
Three new taxa of the oribatid mite genus Fortuynia van der Hammen, 1960 (Ameronothroidea) were collected from the rocky shores and mangroves of southeastern Africa. These taxa, F. inhambanensis sp.…1 January, 2002 by Gareth Marshall
Changes in circulation at 500 and 850 hPa and horizontal thermal advection between these two levels are examined at Bellingshausen station in the northern Antarctic Peninsula between 1969 and 2000.…1 January, 2002 by Gareth Marshall
A comparison of 40-yr (1960-99) trends in Antarctic geopotential height and temperature from quality controlled radiosonde observations and NCEP-NCAR reanalysis (NNR) data is undertaken. Observations from four Antarctic stations-having sufficiently…1 January, 2002 by Gareth Marshall, Thomas Lachlan-Cope
The surface warming at Faraday station in the western Antarctic Peninsula is one of the largest observed anywhere over the last 50 years, yet the physical mechanisms driving this climate…1 January, 2002 by Richard Horne
[1] We present plasma wave and particle data from the CRRES satellite during three case studies to investigate the viability of a local stochastic electron acceleration mechanism to relativistic energies…1 January, 2002
Physiological condition and feeding behavior of furcilia larvae were investigated in autumn (April 1999) in the southwestern Lazarev Sea prior to the critical overwintering period. Furcilia stage III (FIII) larvae…1 January, 2002
Antarctic krill maintain large population sizes despite dramatic seasonal fluctuations in food availability, but the mechanisms for this are still debated. The aim of this study was to compare seasonal…1 January, 2002
A revised pre-Jurassic chronology is presented for the Antarctic Peninsula on the basis of new U-Pb zircon dating, using both conventional (11 samples) and SHRIMP microprobe data (10 samples). The…1 January, 2002 by Eric Wolff
Radio echo surveys to determine the thickness of ice sheets often record reflections from inside the ice. To increase our understanding of these internal reflections, we have used synthetic seismogram…Read more on Modeling the radio echo reflections inside the ice sheet at Summit, Greenland
1 January, 2002
A recent major climatic event was the occurrence of approximately 350 000 square kilometers of open water in the normally ice covered Weddell Sea near Antarctica during the winters of…Read more on A reconstruction of the air-sea interaction associated with the Weddell Polynya
1 January, 2002
With the completion of the NCEP-NCAR and ECMWF reanalyses there are now global representations of air-sea surface heat fluxes with sufficient spatial and temporal resolution to be useful in characterizing…1 January, 2002 by Mark Belchier, Simon Morley
A large sample of otoliths from bigeye grenadier (Macrourus holotrachys) caught as by-catch in the Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) fishery in Subarea 48.3 was measured and weighed, and the usefulness…1 January, 2002 by Andrew Tait, Robert Mulvaney, Steven Bremner
Taking as a model the Alfred Wegener Institute medium depth ice core drill, we have developed a drill capable of retrieving ice cores to depths of around 150-200m. At a…1 January, 2002 by Robert Mulvaney
Two medium-depth ice cores were retrieved from Berkner Island by a joint project between the Alfred-Wegener-Institut and the British Antarctic Survey in the 1994/95 field season. A151mdeep core from the…Read more on 1000 year ice-core records from Berkner Island, Antarctica
1 January, 2002 by Michael Pinnock
The present study reveals the ionospheric signature of low level near-Earth flow burst activity in the central plasma sheet during a relatively quiet magnetosphere. Flow bursts were observed by Geotail…