SO-WISE
We are constructing observationally-constrained estimates of the state of the Weddell Gyre, including associated ice shelves and sea ice Introduction In the 25 years between 1992 and 2017, ocean melting …
Oceanography
Polar oceans influence the entire Earth System in all areas, including the seas around the UK. The polar oceans have an enormous capacity to store and redistribute fresh water, heat, carbon dioxide and other climatically-important substances. Oceanographic studies help make more accurate predictions about global impacts.
Larsen-C Benthos
On 12 July 2017, the Larsen-C Ice Shelf calved one of the largest iceberg originating from the Antarctic Peninsula ever recorded. As iceberg A68 moves north, it leaves behind an …
Artificial Intelligence Lab
The BAS AI Lab is a cross-disciplinary group of researchers leading in the application of AI and Data Science methods to advance environmental science discovery and lead the development of …
Modelling Movement of Antarctic Krill
The MMAK project is using state-of-the-art ocean-sea ice models to improve our understanding of processes that influence the distribution of krill in the South Orkney Islands region.
National Capability for Global Challenges
Polar Expertise – Supporting Development
Scotia Sea open-ocean biological laboratories
Sustained ocean observing programme
SO-AntEco Biodiversity
In this collaboration with the Natural History Museum (NHM) and the University of Liverpool, we have developed novel methods for using existing data to contribute to marine conservation and fisheries …
UKESM-BAS
Reliable projections of the Earth’s climate are at the heart of scientific support for international efforts to address global change. There is increasing recognition that reliable projections require that physical …
ORCHESTRA
Understanding the Ocean Regulation of Climate by Heat, Carbon Sequestration and Transports
Oceanographic models for the Scotia Sea
Development of regional models to examine the detailed oceanography of island shelves and surrounding regions.
Dynamics of the Orkney Passage Outflow (DynOPO)
Dynamics of the Orkney Passage Outflow (DynOPO) is a collaboration between BAS, the University of Southampton and the National Oceanography Centre (NOC). The project aims to investigate the flow of …
A23 repeat section
Understanding Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) and its affect on global ocean circulation.
Rothera Time Series
Earth System indicators in Antarctica
The role of the Southern Ocean in regulating atmospheric CO2 on glacial-interglacial timescales
The cause of the variability in atmospheric CO2 over glacial-interglacial timescales has been a puzzle since its discovery in the early 1980s. It is widely believed to be related to …
Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Sea-Surface
In order to assess the impact of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) on the oceans today we are investigating the effect of decreasing upper ocean pH on calcifying zooplankton. Pteropods, …
BEAMISH: Basal Conditions on Rutford Ice Stream
The polar ice sheets play a major role in controlling Earth’s sea level and climate, but our understanding of their history and motion is poor. The biggest uncertainty in predicting …
SONA
The Southern Ocean Network of Acoustics (SONA) represents a group of scientific institutes and industrial partners who have united to measure an under-sampled component of the ecosystem – the mid-trophic …
Filchner Ice Shelf System, Antarctica
Understanding the contribution that polar ice sheets make to global sea-level rise is recognised internationally as urgent. The mission of this five-year project is to capture new observations and data …
iSTAR – Stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet
Science on the move – the mission to understand the stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet
iSTAR-A Ocean2Ice Processes and variability
iStar-B strives to better understand ocean and ice interaction, processes and variability
iSTAR-B Ocean circulation and melting beneath the ice shelves of the south-eastern Amundsen Sea
iStar-B studies ocean circulation and melting beneath the ice shelves of the south-eastern Amundsen Sea
Antarctic Seabed Carbon Capture Change
The ASCCC Project has been funded by ACE (Antarctic Circumnavigation Expedition) to investigate, quantify and understand the role of polar and subpolar seabeds in the carbon cycle, particularly in response …
Interannual variability of the outflow of Weddell Sea bottom water
24 February, 2020
Reframing the carbon cycle of the subpolar Southern Ocean
28 August, 2019
Polar Ecosystems
13 March, 2019
Southern Ocean [in “State of the Climate in 2018”]
1 January, 2019
Southern Ocean carbon-wind stress feedback
1 October, 2018
Inferences of ocean currents from seismic streamer position data
1 September, 2017
Glacial meltwater identification in the Amundsen Sea
20 April, 2017
Oceanography and sea ice in the Southern Ocean
1 March, 2017
Wind-driven export of Weddell Sea slope water
1 October, 2016
The thermodynamic balance of the Weddell Gyre
1 January, 2016
Multiple causes of the Younger Dryas cold period
1 December, 2015
Biogeography of photoautotrophs in the high polar biome
11 September, 2015
Southern Ocean
1 July, 2015
The changing form of Antarctic biodiversity
25 June, 2015
Life beyond the ice
1 January, 2015
Recent trends in the Southern Ocean eddy field
1 January, 2015
Boundary mixing in Orkney Passage outflow
1 December, 2014
Sustaining observations in the polar oceans
28 September, 2014
Basal terraces on melting ice shelves
16 August, 2014
Assessing status and change in Southern Ocean ecosystems
1 August, 2014
Bipolarity
1 August, 2014
Environmental setting
1 August, 2014
Commonness and rarity in the marine biosphere
10 June, 2014
Wave breaking in dense plumes
1 February, 2014
Climate science: A resolution of the Antarctic paradox
23 January, 2014
Deep boundary current disintegration in Drake Passage
16 January, 2014
Ice-Ocean Interactions in North West Greenland
1 January, 2014
Vertical Eddy Fluxes in the Southern Ocean
1 May, 2013
Antarctica: global science from a frozen continent
4 April, 2013
Oceanography: Replenishing the abyss
24 February, 2013
Wintertime water mass modification near an Antarctic ice front
1 February, 2013
Antarctic ecosystems
1 January, 2013
Ocean Floor Observation System (OFOS)
1 January, 2013
Southern Ocean Deep Benthic Biodiversity
17 February, 2012
Oceanographic conditions beneath Fimbul Ice Shelf, Antarctica
9 February, 2012
The Peninsula
1 January, 2012
The impacts of climate change on circumpolar biodiversity
1 January, 2012
Fronts and habitat zones in the Scotia Sea
1 January, 2012
Mindanao current/undercurrent in an eddy-resolving GCM
1 January, 2012
Spatial and Temporal Operation of the Scotia Sea Ecosystem
1 January, 2012
Implementing a Southern Ocean Observing System
1 January, 2012
The Southern Ocean Observing System
1 January, 2012
Ice-shelf basal channels in a coupled ice/ocean model
1 January, 2012
The Marine System of the Western Antarctic Peninsula
1 January, 2012
The Southern Ocean Observing System
1 January, 2012
The formation of nonzonal jets over sloped topography
1 January, 2012
Importance of diatoms for Oithona in Antarctic waters
1 January, 2011
Marine ecology: processes, systems, and impacts
1 January, 2011
The Southern Ocean: Source and sink?
1 January, 2011
Maud Rise – a snapshot through the water column
1 January, 2011
Antarctic marine biology
1 January, 2011
Potential seaways across West Antarctica
1 January, 2011
Low frequency variability of Southern Ocean jets
1 January, 2011
Observed circulation in the Solomon Sea from SADCP data
1 January, 2011
Weather and climate
1 January, 2011
Oscillating dense plumes
1 January, 2011
Using ecosystem monitoring data to detect impacts
1 January, 2010
Discovery 2010: understanding the Scotia Sea food web
1 January, 2010
Palaeoclimate Southern westerlies and CO2
1 January, 2010
Biologging in the global ocean observing system
1 January, 2010
Climate change: warm bath for an ice sheet
1 January, 2010
Faunal evidence for a late quaternary trans-Antarctic Seaway
1 January, 2010
Trends in the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide
17 November, 2009
Numerical simulation of the Filchner overflow
1 January, 2009
Macrophysiology: a conceptual reunification
1 January, 2009
Emission of methane from plants
1 January, 2009
Antarctic islands, geology
1 January, 2009
Freshwater transport at Fimbulisen, Antarctica
1 January, 2009
Validation of three global ocean models in the Weddell Sea
1 January, 2009
The heat is on
1 January, 2008
Antarctic marine biodiversity – a taxonomic crisis?
1 January, 2008
A species approach to marine ecosystem conservation
1 January, 2008
The biology of polar regions
1 January, 2008
The power of ecosystem monitoring
1 January, 2008
Adult Antarctic krill feeding at abyssal depths
1 January, 2008
Polar and ice-edge marine systems
1 January, 2008
Antarctic marine benthic diversity: patterns and processes
1 January, 2008
Ice/ocean interactions: urgent questions for AUVs
1 January, 2008
Freshwater fluxes east of Greenland
1 January, 2008
Saturated sink
1 January, 2008
Oceanic circumpolar habitats of Antarctic krill
1 January, 2008
Tides and the flow of Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica
1 January, 2007
South Shetland Islands
1 January, 2007
The redevelopment of Rothera Research Station
1 January, 2007
South Sandwich Islands
1 January, 2007
Fisheries in the Southern Ocean: an ecosystem approach
1 January, 2007
Antarctic Peninsula
1 January, 2007
Deception Island
1 January, 2007
Antarctic biodiversity
1 January, 2007
Antarctic ecology: from genes to ecosystems. Part 1
1 January, 2007
A continuum model of melt pond evolution on Arctic sea ice
1 January, 2007
West Antarctic links to sea level estimation
1 January, 2007
Rapid climate change and the role of ocean circulation
1 January, 2007
Mass balance of Devon Ice Cap, Canadian Arctic
1 January, 2007
East Antarctic continental margin, oceanography of
1 January, 2007
Drake Passage, opening of
1 January, 2007
Melting of floating ice and sea level rise
1 January, 2007
The Antarctic: local signals, global messages
1 January, 2006
Tidal vertical mixing beneath Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf
1 January, 2006
Antarctica: closer than you think
1 January, 2006
The future of El Niño?
1 January, 2006
Marine ecology: processes, systems, and impacts
1 January, 2005
Polar systems
1 January, 2005
Antarctic and tropical interactions
1 January, 2005
Ocean processes below Fimbulisen – modeling results
1 January, 2005
Advection, krill, and Antarctic marine ecosystems
1 January, 2004
Oceanographic observations at the Amundsen shelf break
1 January, 2004
Ronne inflow experiment – fieldwork
1 January, 2004
Ocean processes and seasonal flow along Ronne Ice Front
1 January, 2004
The El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Antarctica
1 January, 2004
Polar marine ecosystems: major threats and future change
1 January, 2003
The polar deep seas
1 January, 2003
Climatic control of ultraviolet radiation effects on lakes
1 January, 2003
Research challenges at the land-sea interface
1 January, 2003
From Port Stanley, 4th April, 2003
1 January, 2003
The Labrador Sea Deep Convection Experiment data collection
1 January, 2003
Modelling the ocean circulation beneath the Ross Ice Shelf
1 January, 2003
Long-term variation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave
1 January, 2003
Extreme responses to climate change in Antarctic lakes
1 January, 2002
Squids in
1 January, 2002
The biology of impact craters – a review
1 January, 2002
Polarization of competition increases with latitude
1 January, 2002
Polar punches and tropical truces
1 January, 2002
Macroecology comes of age
1 January, 2002
Hermit crabs, humans and crowded house markets
1 January, 2002
Antarctic ecosystems
1 January, 2001
Freshwater fluxes through the western Fram Strait
1 January, 2001
Large-scale patterns and processes – introduction
1 January, 2000
Ecosystem dynamics involving krill
1 January, 2000
What is the state of the Antarctic environment? (editorial)
1 January, 2000
Roles of krill in marine food webs: the Southern Ocean
1 January, 2000
Ecosystem dynamics involving krill
1 January, 2000
Discoloured water, Weddell Sea, 5 February 1999
1 January, 2000
Annual plankton dynamics in an Antarctic saline lake
1 January, 1999
170 years of research of the Antarctic moss flora
1 January, 1998
Krill transport in the Scotia Sea and environs
1 January, 1998
Priorities for terrestrial Antarctic research
1 July, 1997
Human impact on an oligotrophic lake in the Larsemann Hills
1 January, 1997
Diversity, latitude and time: patterns in the shallow sea.
1 January, 1997
Benthic marine habitats in Antarctica
1 January, 1996
Ocean tides under the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica
1 January, 1996
Current flow in the north-west Weddell Sea
1 March, 1995
Terrestrial ecosystems: Antarctica
1 January, 1994
Is this little PIG in hot water
1 January, 1994
Ocean circulation beneath Ronne Ice Shelf
1 January, 1994
Temperature and salinity beneath Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica
1 December, 1993
Dry coastal ecosystems of Antarctica
1 January, 1993
Dry coastal ecosystems on sub-Antarctic islands
1 January, 1993
Is there a latitudinal diversity cline in the sea?
1 September, 1992
A one-dimensional model of ice shelf-ocean interaction
1 November, 1991
Ocean circulation beneath the Ronne ice shelf
1 November, 1991
Ice-ocean interaction on Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica
1 January, 1991
Gravity currents beneath ice shelves
1 January, 1991
Effects on ecosystems
1 January, 1990
Environmental assessment in the Antarctic
1 January, 1989
Periodic motions in Weddell Sea pack ice
1 January, 1989
Seasonality in the antarctic marine environment
1 January, 1988
The sub-Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems
1 January, 1987
Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems
1 January, 1987
The tidal spectrum underneath Antarctic ice shelves
15 November, 1986
Antarctic aquatic ecosystems as habitats for phytoplankton
1 January, 1986
Survival on land
1 January, 1985
Energy flow in the Southern Ocean food web.
1 January, 1985
Terrestrial habitats – inland waters
1 January, 1985
The sub-Antarctic islands
1 January, 1985
Tidal behaviour under an Antarctic ice shelf
1 January, 1985
Methane in maritime Antarctic freshwater lakes
1 January, 1984
The terrestrial environment
1 January, 1984
Les ecosystemes terrestres subantarctiques
1 January, 1981
Signy Island, maritime Antarctic
1 January, 1975
South Georgia, Subantarctic
1 January, 1975
Climate extremes drive changes in Antarctic Bottom Water
17 November, 2020
British Antarctic Survey contributes to new international study that finds a surprising increase in the amount of dense water sinking near Antarctica, following 50 years of decline. Dense water formed …
Fellowship success for leaders of the future
23 April, 2020
UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) has announced its latest round of Future Leaders Fellowships today (23 April 2020). Congratulations to Dr Dan Jones and Dr Clara Manno of British Antarctic …
New report reveals state of the planet
26 September, 2019
MONACO: Hundreds of scientists and Government representatives met in Monaco this week to finalise the new Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a …
Boaty McBoatface sheds light on warming ocean abyss
18 June, 2019
The debut mission involving the autonomous submarine Autosub Long Range – affectionately known as Boaty McBoatface – has for the first time shed light on a key process linking increasing …
Solar heat drives rapid melting of Antarctic Ice Shelf
29 April, 2019
A section of the world’s largest ice shelf in Antarctica – around the size of Spain – is melting 10 times faster than average and warm ocean currents beneath it …
Scientists map ‘deepest’ parts of Southern Ocean
22 March, 2019
A team of researchers led by British Antarctic Survey has for the first time mapped the deepest part of the South Sandwich Trench in the Southern Ocean. This part of …
Melt-rate of West Antarctic Ice Sheet highly sensitive to changes in ocean temperatures
13 August, 2018
Melting of ice shelves in West Antarctica speeds up and slows down in response to changes in deep ocean temperature, and is far more variable than previously thought, according to …
BAS Oceanographer selected for Special IPCC Report
17 August, 2017
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has selected Professor Mike Meredith from British Antarctic Survey (BAS) to be a coordinating lead author for a Special Report on the Ocean …
Climate Scientist awarded Prestigious Mathematical prize
18 July, 2017
Last week (12th July) Dr Emily Shuckburgh travelled to Pittsburgh, USA, and received the prestigious 2017 I. E. Block Community Lecture prize from SIAM – the Society for Industrial and …
Boaty McBoatface returns home with unprecedented data
28 June, 2017
Researchers have captured unprecedented data about some of the coldest abyssal ocean waters on earth – known as Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) – during the first voyage of the yellow …
Plastic pollution in the Antarctic worse than expected
19 June, 2017
The levels of microplastic particles accumulating in the Antarctic are much worse than expected, a team of experts has warned. The continent is considered to be a pristine wilderness compared …
British Antarctic Survey at Bluedot Festival 2017
14 June, 2017
British Antarctic Survey (BAS) is delighted to be participating in this year’s Bluedot music festival in Macclesfield 7-9 July. The event, which last year attracted over 20,000 visitors, is billed …
The first dive of Boaty McBoatface
7 April, 2017
The unmanned submersible Boaty McBoatface was deployed in the Antarctic for the first time.
Local weather plays part in retreat of glacier
17 February, 2017
Local weather plays an important part in the retreat of the ice shelves in West Antarctica, according to new research published in the journal Nature Communications today (Friday 17 February). …
Scientists explain how meltwater reaches ocean depths
30 January, 2017
An international team of researchers has discovered why fresh water, melted from Antarctic ice sheets, is often detected below the surface of the ocean, rather than rising to the top …
New study shows when Pine Island Glacier retreat began
23 November, 2016
New study reveals when West Antarctica’s largest glacier started retreating Reporting this week (Wednesday 23 November) in the journal Nature an international team led by British Antarctic Survey (BAS) explains …
New polar ship reaches first construction milestone
17 October, 2016
Keel-laying ceremony at Cammell Laird
Ship assists satellite missions
26 September, 2016
On 20 September 2016 the British Antarctic Survey ship, the RRS James Clark Ross, set sail on its long voyage from Immingham in the UK to Stanley in the Falkland …
Nature’s ocean fertiliser
20 September, 2016
Scientists have discovered that Antarctic krill – a tiny shrimp-like crustacean – plays a key role in fertilising the Southern Ocean with iron, which stimulates the growth of phytoplankton, the …
Ocean warming primary cause of glacier retreat
14 July, 2016
A new study has found for the first time that ocean warming is the primary cause of retreat of glaciers on the Antarctic Peninsula. The Peninsula is one of the largest current contributors to sea-level rise and this new finding will enable researchers to make better predictions of ice loss from this region.
Wind-blown Antarctic sea ice helps drive ocean circulation
27 June, 2016
Antarctic sea ice is constantly on the move as powerful winds blow it away from the coast and out toward the open ocean. A new study published today in the journal Nature Geoscience (Monday 27 June) shows how that ice migration may be more important for the global ocean circulation than anyone realized.
On the ice opportunity for PhD students and Early Career Researchers
7 April, 2016
16 PhD students and Early Career Researchers have a unique opportunity to gain practical skills for working safely and effectively in the polar regions.
NEWS STORY: Oxygen depletion in the upper waters of the Southern Ocean during glacial periods
31 March, 2016
Research published this week by an international team of scientists, including the British Antarctic Survey, provides new insights into how carbon dioxide changed in the oceans surrounding Antarctica during glacial …
NEWS STORY: New Year’s Honours
1 January, 2016
Dr Emily Shuckburgh, British Antarctic Survey’s Deputy Head of Polar Oceans, was among those named in the New Year’s Honours List. She has been awarded an OBE for services to …
NEWS STORY: New polar ship bidder selected
12 October, 2015
Government announces preferred bidder to build new polar ship Minister of State for Universities and Science, Jo Johnson announced today that the preferred bidder to build a new polar research …
NEWS STORY: New Centre for Doctoral Training
6 October, 2015
NERC funds PhD training in robotics and autonomous systems
FEATURED PAPER: Ocean upwelling and increasing winds
2 September, 2015
As the southern westerly winds drive the Antarctic circumpolar current around Antarctica, deep waters are forced up to the surface south of the polar front. Changes in the intensity with …
NEWS STORY: Columns widespread in Southern Ocean
5 March, 2015
Oceanographers discover ‘Taylor columns’ are widespread in Southern Ocean according to new research published recently in the Journal of Geophysical Research Lead author Professor Mike Meredith, a Senior Oceanographer at …
NEWS STORY: Glacier project on stamps
25 November, 2014
Stamp of approval for iSTAR The iSTAR programme, which is looking at the stability of Pine Island Glacier in Antarctica, is featured in a new set of British Antarctic Territory …
PRESS RELEASE: Mapping the ice from below
24 November, 2014
Underwater robot sheds new light on Antarctic sea ice The first detailed, high-resolution 3-D maps of Antarctic sea ice have been developed using an underwater robot. Scientists from the UK, …
NEWS STORY: Southern Ocean dynamics
2 June, 2014
The Southern Ocean: new insights into circulation, carbon and climate A special issue of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A has been published today (Monday 2 June) which …
NEWS STORY: Marine award for scientist
2 May, 2014
BAS Scientist receives prestigious award BAS oceanographer, Dr Emily Shuckburgh, has been presented with the Rosenstiel Award at a ceremony in Miami in the United States. The Rosenstiel Award, created …
NEWS STORY: Funding announced for new ship
25 April, 2014
New polar research ship for UK Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Rt Hon George Osborne MP announced this week (Friday 25 April 2014) that the Government has earmarked more than …
NEWS STORY: Crucial conditions for phytoplankton
16 March, 2014
Winter conditions crucial for phytoplankton growth in Southern Ocean An international team of researchers, including the British Antarctic Survey, has found new evidence that winter conditions in the Southern Ocean …
PRESS RELEASE: Pine Island Glacier and climatic variability
2 January, 2014
Pine Island Glacier sensitive to climatic variability A new study published in Science this month suggests the thinning of Pine Island Glacier in West Antarctica is much more susceptible to …
NEWS STORY: New research on ocean currents
22 December, 2013
New research sheds light on history of polar current Research conducted by a team that included scientists from British Antarctic Survey reveals the ocean current moving around the South Pole …
NEWS STORY: Submerged mountains aid ocean mixing
18 September, 2013
Undersea mountains provide crucial piece in climate prediction puzzle A mystery in the ocean near Antarctica has been solved by researchers who have long puzzled over how deep and mid-depth …
NEWS STORY: New academic role for expert
22 May, 2013
Honorary Professorship for BAS polar ocean expert Michael Meredith Polar ocean expert, Michael Meredith, has been made an honorary Professor by the University of the Highlands and Islands. The professorship …
NEWS STORY: New post for oceans expert
7 February, 2013
Professor Michael Meredith joins the Scottish Association for Marine Science Eminent Antarctic oceanographer, Professor Michael Meredith this week joined the staff at the Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS) on …
NEWS STORY: Insights into icebergs
29 October, 2012
Scientists discover new mechanism at work breaking-up icebergs An international team of scientists has discovered a previously unknown mechanism by which large tabular icebergs break up out at sea as …
NEWS STORY: Ocean sampling at Rothera
20 August, 2012
Ocean sampling: Rothera, Antarctic Peninsula: last but not least! Are the World’s oceans all the same, or are they different? OK at the most basic level, we all know that …
PRESS RELEASE: Ocean role as carbon sink
29 July, 2012
New discovery of how carbon is stored in the Southern Ocean A team of British and Australian scientists has discovered an important method of how carbon is drawn down from …
NEWS STORY: BAS on the BBC
17 July, 2012
Scientists take part in BBC expedition “Operation Iceberg” This summer two British Antarctic Survey (BAS) scientists head to the Arctic to take part in the BBC expedition ‘Operation Iceberg’. Oceanographers …
PRESS RELEASE: Growing evidence of carbon impact
22 February, 2011
Captain Scott’s century-old collections suggest marine life is capturing more carbon Tiny Antarctic marine creatures collected 100 years ago by Antarctic explorer Captain Robert Falcon Scott give new clues about …
PRESS RELEASE: Ridge contributes to melting
20 June, 2010
New research sheds light on Antarctica”s melting Pine Island Glacier New results from an investigation into Antarctica’s potential contribution to sea level rise are reported this week (Sunday 20 June) …
PRESS RELEASE: Sonar images reveal seabed
5 May, 2009
New Antarctic seabed sonar images reveal clues to sea-level rise Motorway-sized troughs and channels carved into Antarctica’s continental shelves by glaciers thousands of years ago could help scientists to predict …
PRESS RELEASE: Surveying below the ice
17 March, 2009
Robot submarine searches for signs of melting under Antarctic Ice Shelf A team of British and American scientists has successfully deployed an autonomous robot submarine on six missions beneath an …