2018

• Schüpbach, S., Fischer, H., et al. inc. Frey, M. M.: Greenland records of aerosol source and atmospheric lifetime changes from the Eemian to the Holocene, Nat. Commun., 9(1),1476, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03924-3, 2018.
• Chan, H. G., Frey, M. M., and King, M. D.: Modelling the physical multiphase interactions of HNO3 between snow and air on the Antarctic Plateau (Dome C) and coast (Halley), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 1507–1534, doi:10.5194/acp-18-1507-2018, 2018.

2017

• Rhodes, R. H., Yang, X., Wolff, E. W., McConnell, J. R., and Frey, M. M.: Sea ice as a source of sea salt aerosol to Greenland ice cores: a model-based study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 9417-9433, doi:10.5194/acp-17-9417-2017, 2017.
• Frey, M. M.: Salinity profiles of snow on sea ice in the Weddell Sea (Antarctica) during austral winter 2013, NERC – Polar Data Centre, Cambridge, UK, doi: http://doi.org/b9c6, 2017.

2016

• Legrand, M., Preunkert, S., Savarino, J., Frey, M. M., Kukui, A., Helmig, D., Jourdain, B., Jones, A. E., Weller, R., Brough, N., and Gallée, H.: Inter-annual variability of surface ozone at coastal (Dumont d’Urville, 2004-2014) and inland (Concordia, 2007-2014) sites in East Antarctica, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 8053–8069, doi:10.5194/acp-16-8053-2016, 2016.
• Savarino, J., Vicars, W. C., Legrand, M., Preunkert, S., Jourdain, B., Frey, M. M., Kukui, A., Caillon, N., and Gil Roca, J.: Oxygen isotope mass balance of atmospheric nitrate at Dome C, East Antarctica, during the OPALE campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 2659–2673, doi:10.5194/acp-16-2659-2016, 2016.

2015

• Erbland, J., Savarino, J., Morin, S., France, J. L., Frey, M. M., and King, M. D.: Air-snow transfer of nitrate on the East Antarctic plateau – Part 2: An isotopic model for the interpretation of deep ice- core records, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 12079-12113, doi:10.5194/acp-15-12079-2015, 2015.
• Chan, H. G., King, M. D., and Frey, M. M.: The impact of parameterising light penetration into snow on the photochemical production of NOx and OH radicals in snow, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7913–7927, doi:10.5194/acp-15-7913-2015, 2015.
• Frey, M. M., Roscoe, H. K., Kukui, A., Savarino, J., France, J. L., King, M. D., Legrand, M., and Preunkert, S.: Atmospheric nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2) at Dome C, East Antarctica, during the OPALE campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7859–7875, doi:10.5194/acp-15-7859-2015, 2015.
• Gallée, H., Preunkert, S., Argentini, S., Frey, M. M., Genthon, C., Jourdain, B., Pietroni, I., Casasanta, G., Barral, H., Vignon, E., Amory, C., and Legrand, M.: Characterization of the boundary layer at Dome C (East Antarctica) during the OPALE summer campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 6225–6236, doi:10.5194/acp-15-6225-2015, 2015.
• Preunkert, S., Legrand, M., Frey, M. M., Kukui, A., Savarino, J., Gallée, H., King, M., Jourdain, B., Vicars, W., and Helmig, D.: Formaldehyde (HCHO) in air, snow, and interstitial air at Concordia (East Antarctic Plateau) in summer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 6689–6705, doi:10.5194/acp-15-6689-2015, 2015.

2014

• Bartels-Rausch, T., Jacobi, H.-W., Kahan, T. F., Thomas, J. L., Thomson, E. S., Abbatt, J. P. D., Ammann, M., Blackford, J. R., Bluhm, H., Boxe, C., Domine, F., Frey, M. M., Gladich, I., Guzmán, M. I., Heger, D., Huthwelker, T., Klán, P., Kuhs, W. F., Kuo, M. H., Maus, S., Moussa, S. G., McNeill, V. F., Newberg, J. T., Pettersson, J. B. C., Roeselová, M., and Sodeau, J. R.: A review of air-ice chemical and physical interactions (AICI): liquids, quasi-liquids, and solids in snow, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 1587–1633, doi:10.5194/acp-14-1587-2014, 2014.
• Kukui, A., Legrand, M., Preunkert, S., Frey, M. M., Loisil, R., Gil Roca, J., Jourdain, B., King, M. D., France, J. L., and Ancellet, G.: Measurements of OH and RO2 radicals at Dome C, East Antarctica, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 12373–12392, doi:10.5194/acp-14-12373-2014, 2014.
• Legrand, M., Preunkert, S., Frey, M. M., Bartels-Rausch, T., Kukui, A., King, M. D., Savarino, J., Kerbrat, M., and Jourdain, B.: Large mixing ratios of atmospheric nitrous acid (HONO) at Concordia (East Antarctic Plateau) in summer: a strong source from surface snow?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 9963–9976, doi:10.5194/acp-14-9963-2014, 2014.

2013

• Masclin, S., Frey, M. M., Rogge, W. F., and Bales, R. C.: Atmospheric nitric oxide and ozone at the WAIS Divide deep coring site: a discussion of local sources and transport in West Antarctica, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8857–8877, doi:10.5194/acp-13-8857- 2013, 2013.
• Erbland, J., Vicars, W. C., J., S., Morin, S., Frey, M. M., Frosini, D., Vince, E., and Martins, J. M. F.: Air–snow transfer of nitrate on the East Antarctic Plateau – Part 1: Isotopic evidence for a photolytically driven dynamic equilibrium in summer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 6403–6419, doi:10.5194/acp-13-6403-2013, 2013.
• Frey, M. M., Brough, N., France, J. L., Traulle, O., Anderson, P. S., King, M. D., Jones, A. E., Wolff, E. W., and Savarino, J.: The diurnal variability of atmospheric nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2) above the Antarctic Plateau driven by atmospheric stability and snow emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 30453062, doi:10.5194/acp-13-3045-2013, 2013.

2012

• Wolff, E. W., Bigler, M., Curran, M. A. J., Dibb, J. E., Frey, M. M., Legrand, M., and McConnell, J. R.: The Carrington event not observed in most ice core nitrate records, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39(8), doi:10.1029/2012GL051603, 2012.

2011

• France, J. L., King, M. D., Frey, M. M., Erbland, J., Picard, G., Preunkert, S., MacArthur, A., and Savarino, J.: Snow optical properties at Dome C (Concordia), Antarctica; implications for snow emissions and snow chemistry of reactive nitrogen, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11(18), 9787–9801, doi:10.5194/acp-11-9787-2011, 2011.
• Bauguitte, S. J.-B., Brough, N., Frey, M. M., Jones, A. E., Maxfield, D. J., Roscoe, H. K., Rose, M. C., and Wolff, E. W.: A network of autonomous surface ozone monitors in Antarctica: technical description and first results, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4(4):645–658, 2011.

2010

• Bauguitte, S. J.-B., Brough, N., Frey, M. M., Jones, A. E., Maxfield, D. J., Roscoe, H. K., Rose, M. C. and Wolff, E. W.: A network of autonomous surface ozone monitors in Antarctica: technical description and first results. Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., 3(6), 5795-5831, 2010.

2009

• Frey, M. M., Savarino, J., Morin, S., Erbland, J., and Martins, J. M. F.: Photolysis imprint in the nitrate stable isotope signal in snow and atmosphere of East Antarctica and implications for reactive nitrogen cycling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 8681-8696, doi:10.5194/acp-9-8681-2009, 2009.
• Burkhart, J. F., Bales, R. C., McConnell, J. R., Hutterli, M. A., and Frey, M. M.: Geographic variability of nitrate deposition and preservation over the Greenland Ice Sheet, J. Geophys. Res., 114, doi:10.1029/2008JD010600, 2009.
• Frey, M. M., Hutterli, M. A., Chen, G., Sjostedt, S. J., Burkhart, J. F., Friel, D. K., and Bales, R. C.: Contrasting atmospheric boundary layer chemistry of methylhydroperoxide (CH3OOH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) above polar snow, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3261-3276, doi:10.5194/acp-9-3261-2009, 2009.
• Morin, S., Savarino, J., Frey, M. M., Domine, F., Jacobi, H.-W., Kaleschke, L., and Martins, J. M. F.: Comprehensive isotopic composition of atmospheric nitrate in the Atlantic Ocean boundary layer from 65º S to 79º N, J. Geophys. Res., 114, doi:10.1029/2008JD010696, 2009.

2008

• Banta, J. R., McConnell, J. R., Frey, M. M., Bales, R. C., and Taylor, K.: Spatial and temporal variability in snow accumulation at the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide over recent centuries, J. Geophys. Res., 113, doi:10.1029/2008JD010235, 2008.
• Morin, S., Savarino, J., Frey, M. M., Yan, N., Bekki, S., Bottenheim, J. W., and Martins, J. M. F.: Tracing the Origin and Fate of NOx in the Arctic Atmosphere Using Stable Isotopes in Nitrate, Science, 322, 730-732, doi:10.1126/science.1161910, 2008.

2007

• Dibb, J. E., et al. inc. Frey, M. M.: An overview of air-snow exchange at Summit, Greenland: Recent experiments and findings, Atmos. Environ., 41, 4995-5006, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.12.006, 2007.
• Grannas, A. M., et al. inc. Frey, M. M.: An overview of snow photochemistry: evidence, mechanisms and impacts, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4329-4373, doi:10.5194/acp-7-4329-2007, 2007.
• Hamer, P. D., Shallcross, D. E., and Frey, M. M.: Modelling the impact of oxygenated VOC and meteorology upon the boundary layer photochemistry at the South Pole, Atm. Sci. Lett., 8, 14-20, doi:10.1002/asl.144, 2007.

2006

• Frey, M. M., Bales, R. C., and McConnell, J. R.: Climate sensitivity of the century-scale hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) record preserved in 23 ice cores from West Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 111, doi:10.1029/2005JD006816, 2006.

2005

• Bertler, N., et al. inc. Frey, M. M.: Snow Chemistry across Antarctica, Ann. Glaciol., 41, 167-179, 2005.
• Davis, C. H., Li, Y., McConnell, J. R., Frey, M. M., and Hanna, E.: Snowfall-Driven Growth in East Antarctic Ice Sheet Mitigates Recent Sea-Level Rise, Science, 308, 1898-1901, doi:10.1126/science.1110662, 2005.
• Frey, M. M., Stewart, R. W., McConnell, J. R., and Bales, R. C.: Atmospheric hydroperoxides in West Antarctica: links to stratospheric ozone and atmospheric oxidation capacity, J. Geophys. Res., 110, doi:10.1029/2005JD006110, 2005.
• Steig, E. J., Mayewski, P. A., Dixon, D., Kaspari, S., Frey, M. M., Schneider, D. P., Arcone, S. A., and Hamilton, G. S.: High-resolution ice cores from US ITASE (West Antarctica): development and validation of chronologies and determination of precision and accuracy, Ann. Glaciol., 41, 77-84, doi:10.3189/172756405781813311, 2005.

Prior to 2005

• Dassau, T. M., Sumner, A. L., Koeniger, S. L., Shepson, P. B., Yang, J., Honrath, R. E., Cullen, N. J., Steen, K., Jacobi, H. W., Frey, M. M., and Bales, R. C.: Investigation of the Role of the Snowpack on Atmospheric Formaldehyde Chemistry at Summit, Greenland, J. Geophys. Res., 107, D19, 4394-4407, doi:10.1029/2002JD002182, 2002.
• Jacobi, H.-W., Frey, M. M., Hutterli, M. A., Bales, R. C., Schrems, O., Cullen, N. J., Steffen, K., and Koehler, C.: Measurements of hydrogen peroxide and formaldehyde exchange between the atmosphere and surface snow at Summit, Greenland, Atmos. Environ., 36, 2619-2628, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00106-1, 2002.
• Uhlenbrook, S., Frey, M. M., Leibundgut, C., and Maloszewski, P.: Hydrograph separations in a mesoscale mountainous basin at event and seasonal timescales, Water Resour. Res., 38, doi:10.1029/2001WR000938, 2002.
• Yang, J., Honrath, R. E., Peterson, M. C., Dibb, J. E., Sumner, A. L., Shepson, P. B., Frey, M., Jacobi, H. W., Swanson, A., and Blake, N.: Impacts of snowpack emissions on deduced levels of OH and peroxy radicals at Summit, Greenland, Atmos. Environ., 36, 2523-2534, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00128-0, 2002.
• Gioda, A., Serrano, C. and Frey, M.: Water and silver in Potosi (Bolivia), La Rouille Blanche, 53(7), 65-75, doi:10.1051/lhb/1998083, 1998

Publications from NERC Open Research Archive

2019

Winton, V. Holly L., Ming, Alison, Caillon, Nicolas, Hauge, Lisa, Jones, Anna E., Savarino, Joel, Yang, Xin, Frey, Markus. (2019) Deposition, recycling and archival of nitrate stable isotopes between the air-snow interface: comparison between Dronning Maud Land and Dome C, Antarctica. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions. 10.5194/acp-2019-669

Yang, Xin, Frey, Markus M., Rhodes, Rachael H., Norris, Sarah J., Brooks, Ian M., Anderson, Philip S., Nishimura, Kouichi, Jones, Anna E., Wolff, Eric W.. (2019) Sea salt aerosol production via sublimating wind-blown saline snow particles over sea ice: parameterizations and relevant microphysical mechanisms. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 19. 8407-8424. 10.5194/acp-19-8407-2019

Frey, Markus M., Norris, Sarah J., Brooks, Ian M., Anderson, Philip S., Nishimura, Kouichi, Yang, Xin, Jones, Anna E., Nerentorp Mastromonaco, Michelle G., Jones, David H., Wolff, Eric W.. (2019) First direct observation of sea salt aerosol production from blowing snow above sea ice. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions. 10.5194/acp-2019-259

2017

Rhodes, Rachael H., Yang, Xin, Wolff, Eric W., McConnell, Joseph R., Frey, Markus M.. (2017) Sea ice as a source of sea salt aerosol to Greenland ice cores: a model-based study. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 17. 9417-9433. 10.5194/acp-17-9417-2017

2016

Legrand, Michael, Preunkert, Susanne, Savarino, Joel, Frey, Markus M., Kukui, Alexandre, Helmig, Detlev, Jourdain, Bruno, Jones, Anna E., Weller, Rolf, Brough, Neil, Gallée, Hubert. (2016) Inter-annual variability of surface ozone at coastal (Dumont d’Urville, 2004-2014) and inland (Concordia, 2007-2014) sites in East Antarctica. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16. 8053-8069. 10.5194/acp-16-8053-2016

Savarino, J., Vicars, W.C., Legrand, M., Preunkert, S., Jourdain, B., Frey, M.M., Kukui, A., Caillon, N., Gil Roca, J.. (2016) Oxygen isotope mass balance of atmospheric nitrate at Dome C, East Antarctica, during the OPALE campaign. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16. 2659-2673. 10.5194/acp-16-2659-2016

Wolff, E. W., Bigler, M., Curran, M. A. J., Dibb, J. E., Frey, M. M., Legrand, M., McConnell, J. R.. (2016) Comment on “Low time resolution analysis of polar ice cores cannot detect impulsive nitrate events” by D.F. Smart et al.. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 121. 1920-1924. doi:10.1002/2015JA021570

2015

Erbland, J., Savarino, J., Morin, S., France, J.L., Frey, M.M., King, M.D.. (2015) Air-snow transfer of nitrate on the East Antarctic plateau – Part 2: An isotopic model for the interpretation of deep ice-core records. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15. 12079-12113. 10.5194/ACP-15-12079-2015

Frey, M.M., Roscoe, H.K., Kukui, A., Savarino, J., France, J.L., King, M.D., Legrand, M., Preunkert, S.. (2015) Atmospheric nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2) at Dome C, East Antarctica, during the OPALE campaign. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15. 7859-7875. 10.5194/acp-15-7859-2015

Chan, H. G., King, M. D., Frey, M. M.. (2015) The impact of parameterising light penetration into snow on the photochemical production of NOx and OH radicals in snow. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15. 7913-7927. 10.5194/acp-15-7913-2015

Preunkert, S., Legrand, M., Frey, M., Kukui, A., Savarino, J., Gallee, H., King, M., Jourdain, B., Vicars, W., Helmig, D.. (2015) Formaldehyde (HCHO) in air, snow and interstitial air at Concordia (East Antarctic plateau) in summer. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15. 6689-6705. 10.5194/acp-15-6689-2015

Gallee, H., Preunkert, S., Argentini, S., Frey, M., Genthon, C., Jourdain, B., Pietroni, I., Casasanta, G., Barral, H., Vignon, E., Legrand, M.. (2015) Characterization of the boundary layer at Dome C (East Antarctica) during the OPALE summer campaign. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15. 6225-6236. 10.5194/acp-15-6225-2015

2014

Kukui, A., Legrand, M., Preunkert, S., Frey, M., Loisil, R., Gil Roca, J., Jourdain, B., King, M.D., France, J.L., Ancellet, G.. (2014) Measurements of OH and RO2 radicals at Dome C, East Antarctica. Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics, 14. 12373-12392. 10.5194/acp-14-12373-2014

2013

Masclin, S., Frey, M. M., Rogge, W. F., Bales, R. C.. (2013) Atmospheric nitric oxide and ozone at the WAIS Divide deep coring site: a discussion of local sources and transport in West Antarctica. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 13. 8857-8877. doi:10.5194/acp-13-8857-2013

Frey, M.M., Brough, N., France, J. L., Anderson, P.S., Traulle, O., King, M. D., Jones, A.E., Wolff, E.W., Savarino, J.. (2013) The diurnal variability of atmospheric nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2 above the Antarctic Plateau driven by atmospheric stability and snow emissions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 13. 3045-3062. doi:10.5194/acp-13-3045-2013

2012

Wolff, E.W., Bigler, M., Curran, M.A.J., Dibb, J.E., Frey, M.M., Legrand, M., McConnell, J.R.. (2012) The Carrington event not observed in most ice core nitrate records. Geophysical Research Letters, 30. 5 pp. 10.1029/2012GL051603

2011

Masclin, Sylvain M., Frey, Markus, Rogge, Wolfgang F., Bales, Roger C.. (2011) Estimation of nitrate photolysis in the snowpack of the WAIS-Divide site and its contribution to measured atmospheric nitric oxide budget. Abstracts of papers of the American Chemical Society, 242.

France, J.L., King, M.D., Frey, Markus, Erbland, J., Picard, G., Preunkert, S., MacArthur, A., Savarino, J.. (2011) Snow optical properties at Dome C, (Concordia), Antarctica: implications for snow emissions and snow chemistry of reactive nitrogen. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11. 9787-9801. 10.5194/acp-11-9787-2011

2009

Burkhart, John F., Bales, Roger C., McConnnell, Joseph R., Hutterli, Manuel A., Frey, Markus M.. (2009) Geographic variability of nitrate deposition and preservation over the Greenland Ice Sheet. Journal of Geophysical Research, 114. 15 pp. 10.1029/2008JD010600

Frey, Markus M., Savarino, J., Morin, S., Erbland, J., Martins, J.M.F.. (2009) Photolysis imprint in the nitrate stable isotope signal in snow and atmosphere of East Antarctica and implications for reactive nitrogen cycling. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 9. 8681-8696.

Frey, Markus M., Hutterli, Manuel A., Chen, G., Sjostedt, S. J., Burkhart, J. F., Friel, D. K., Bales, R. C.. (2009) Contrasting atmospheric boundary layer chemistry of methylhydroperoxide (CH3OOH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) above polar snow. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 9. 3261-3276. 10.5194/acp-9-3261-2009

2007

Grannas, A.M., Jones, Anna E., Dibb, J., Ammann, M., Anastasio, C., Beine, H.J., Bergin, M., Bottenheim, J., Boxe, C.S., Carver, G., Chen, G., Crawford, J.H., Dominé, F., Frey, M.M., Guzmán, M.I., Heard, D.E., Helmig, D., Hoffmann, M.R., Honarth, R.E., Huey, L.G., Hutterli, Manuel, Jacobi, H.W., Klán, P., Lefer, B., McConnell, J., Plane, J., Sander, R., Savarino, J., Shepson, P.B., Simpson, W.R., Sodeau, J.R., von Glasow, R., Weller, R., Wolff, Eric W., Zhu, T.. (2007) An overview of snow photochemistry: evidence, mechanisms and impacts. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 7. 4329-4373. 10.5194/acp-7-4329-2007

• SSAASI-CLIM
• Blowing snow and sea ice
• ABSCISSA Arctic Sea-Ice-Zone Blowing Snow
• ISOL-ICE

Past Projects

• 2010-2015  Oxidant Production in Antarctic Lands and Export (OPALE). (see ACP special issue)
• 2007-2012 Atmospheric, Snow and Firn Chemistry Studies for Interpretation of WAIS Divide cores
• 2007-2010 Nitrate Evolution in surface snow at Dome C (NITEDC)
• 1999-2003 U.S. International Trans-Antarctic Expedition (U.S. ITASE)

2018

BAS scientist joins research ship ‘drifting’ past North Pole
News 29 August, 2018

2017

ISOL-ICE Lab Blog: Visiting IGE in Grenoble
Blog 15 December, 2017

ANTARCTIC BLOG: Working on the Polar Plateau
Blog 7 February, 2017

ANTARCTIC BLOG: Working on the Polar Plateau
News 15 January, 2017

BLOG: Arriving at the Polar plateau
News 13 January, 2017

2015

FEATURED PAPER: Improving air quality models
News 13 October, 2015

NEWS STORY: Live link to the Arctic
News 1 May, 2015

ARCTIC BLOG: Setting foot back on land
Blog 27 March, 2015

ARCTIC BLOG: Total solar eclipse
Blog 20 March, 2015

ARCTIC BLOG: Enduring an Arctic storm
Blog 18 March, 2015

ARCTIC BLOG: Climbing to the Crow’s Nest
Blog 13 March, 2015

NEWS STORY: Frozen in to the Arctic winter
News 10 March, 2015

ARCTIC BLOG: Shimmering lights in the polar night
Blog 22 February, 2015

2014

NEWS STORY: BAS to host workshop
News 13 October, 2014

CATCH – Cryosphere and Atmospheric Chemistry

CATCH is a new science activity endorsed by IGAC (International Global Atmospheric Chemistry) and SOLAS (Surface Ocean – Lower Atmosphere Study). The main objective of CATCH is to facilitate trans-disciplinary and international research related to atmospheric chemistry in cold regions. Get involved with CATCH and sign up to the mailing list.

Antarctic Field Season 2016/17

Follow our field blog with updates on the ISOL-ICE project. Other BAS field projects can be found here.

• Co-Chair, The Cryosphere and ATmospheric CHemistry (CATCH)
• Member, American Geophysical Union (AGU)
• Member, European Geosciences Union (EGU)
• Member, Peer Review College - Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)
• Associate Editor, Frontiers in Earth Sciences - Cryospheric Sciences