18 September, 2024 by Lloyd Peck, Nicholas Barrett
Climate change is causing increased coastal freshening in Antarctica, leading to reduced salinity. For Antarctica’s endemic echinoderms, adapted to the stable polar environment, the impact of rapid reductions in coastal…Read more on The impact of acute low salinity stress on Antarctic echinoderms
17 September, 2024 by Dani Jones, Paul Holland
The Amundsen Sea in West Antarctica features rapidly thinning ice shelves, large polynyas, and sizable spring phytoplankton blooms. Although considerable effort has gone into characterizing heat fluxes between the Amundsen…15 September, 2024 by Mervyn Freeman
Substorms are a rapid release of energy that is redistributed throughout the magnetosphere‐ionosphere system, resulting in many observable signals, such as enhancements in the aurora, energetic particle injections, and ground…Read more on On the Association of Substorm Identification Methods
14 September, 2024 by Bryony Freer, Oliver Marsh
Antarctica has an active subglacial hydrological system, with interconnected subglacial lakes fed by subglacial meltwater. Subglacial hydrology can influence basal sliding, inject freshwater into the sub-ice-shelf cavity, and impact sediment…13 September, 2024 by Yohei Takano
This study examines the linkages between the upper-ocean (0–200 m) oxygen (O2) content and stratification in the North Pacific Ocean using four Earth system models (ESMs), an ocean hindcast simulation, and…10 September, 2024
The gut microbiota-immune-brain axis is a feedback network which influences diverse physiological processes and plays a pivotal role in overall health and wellbeing. Although research in humans and laboratory mice…9 September, 2024 by Richard Phillips
Estimates of movement costs are essential for understanding energetic and life-history trade-offs. Although overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA) derived from accelerometer data is widely used as a proxy for energy…Read more on Dynamic soaring decouples dynamic body acceleration and energetics in albatrosses
7 September, 2024 by Sophie Fielding
Classification of zooplankton to species with broadband echosounder data could increase the taxonomic resolution of acoustic surveys and reduce the dependence on net and trawl samples for ‘ground truthing’. Supervised…5 September, 2024 by Andrew Clelland, Gareth Marshall
Boreal and Arctic regions have warmed up to four times quicker than the rest of the planet since the 1970s. As a result, boreal and tundra ecosystems are experiencing more…5 September, 2024 by Carl Robinson, Keith Nicholls, Tom Jordan
As a part of the project "Melting at Thwaites grounding zone and its control on sea level" (MELT), we developed a compact 750-MHz ice-penetrating radar for phase-sensitive measurements to infer…Read more on An UWB UHF Ice-Penetreating Radar for the Thwaites Melt Project
4 September, 2024 by Katrin Linse
Confined by the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the European continental shelf, the deep-sea acorn barnacle Bathylasma hirsutum (Hoek, 1883) lives in the northeast Atlantic deep sea where it has been frequently…4 September, 2024 by Ashley Bennison
Density-dependent competition for food influences the foraging behaviour and demography of colonial animals, but how this influence varies across a species’ latitudinal range is poorly understood. Here we used satellite…3 September, 2024 by Ashley Bennison, Elaine Fitzcharles, Freya Blockley, Marcia Blyth, Rosamund Hall
Until recent events, the Antarctic was the only major geographical region in which high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) had never previously been detected. Here we report on the detection…3 September, 2024 by Huw Griffiths, Rowan Whittle
The benthic community around Antarctica is diverse and highly endemic. These cold-adapted species are under threat from local and global drivers, including warming, acidification and changes to the cryosphere. In…1 September, 2024 by Peter Convey
Marine birds and pinnipeds which come to land to breed, rest and moult are widely known to fertilize adjacent terrestrial ecosystems, with cascading effects on vegetation and other trophic levels.…Read more on The impact of marine vertebrates on polar terrestrial invertebrate communities
1 September, 2024 by Peter Convey
While long-range transport is believed to be the primary source of mercury (Hg) in Antarctica, it is known that seabirds transport organic matter, nutrients, and contaminants from the sea to…Read more on Ornithogenic mercury input to soils of Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica
1 September, 2024 by Andrew Clarke, Lloyd Peck, Melody Clark
The affect of temperature on tissue protein synthesis rates has been reported in temperate and tropical, but not Antarctic fishes. Previous studies have generally demonstrated low growth rates in Antarctic…1 September, 2024 by Xu Zhang
Terrestrial vegetation is a crucial component of the Earth system, and its changes not only represent one of the most distinct aspects of climate change but also exert significant feedback…Read more on Progress of vegetation modelling and future research prospects
1 September, 2024 by Steve Colwell
The Year of Polar Prediction in the Southern Hemisphere (YOPP-SH) held seven Targeted Observing Periods (TOPs) during the 2022 austral winter to enhance atmospheric predictability over the Southern Ocean and…1 September, 2024 by Andrew Kavanagh, Ingrid Cnossen
Increasing carbon dioxide concentrations in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere are increasing radiative cooling in the upper atmosphere, leading to thermospheric contraction and decreased neutral mass densities at fixed altitudes.…Read more on Future Climate Change in the Thermosphere Under Varying Solar Activity Conditions
30 August, 2024 by Yohei Takano
Since their advent over 2 decades ago, autonomous Argo floats have revolutionized the field of oceanography, and, more recently, the addition of biogeochemical and biological sensors to these floats has…28 August, 2024 by Andrew Kavanagh
Cold plasma of ionospheric origin has recently been found to be a much larger contributor to the magnetosphere of Earth than expected. Numerous competing mechanisms have been postulated to drive…Read more on Earth’s ambipolar electrostatic field and its role in ion escape to space
26 August, 2024 by Andrew Orr, Gareth Marshall, Nadine Johnston, Ryan Williams
While climate models broadly agree on the changes expected to occur over the Arctic with global warming on a pan-Arctic scale (i.e. polar amplification, sea ice loss, and increased precipitation),…26 August, 2024 by Peter Convey
The use of yeasts has been explored as an efficient alternative to fungicide application in the treatment and prevention of post-harvest fruit deterioration. Here, we evaluated the biocontrol abilities of…23 August, 2024 by Kate Hendry
The polar regions are experiencing the most rapid climate change observed on Earth. Marine ecosystems are already responding to – and amplifying – environmental change, with important implications for carbon…Read more on SiCLING Ny-Ålesund Fieldwork Report. 15th – 29th July 2024
19 August, 2024 by Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand
Knowledge of the behaviour of marine-based ice sheets during times of climatic warming, such as the last deglaciation, provides important information to understand how ice sheets respond to external forcing.…19 August, 2024 by Chester Sands, Peter Convey
Accurate knowledge of geographic ranges of species is essential for effective conservation management. Species with large distributions and good connectivity are presumed to be resilient to adverse localised/regional conditions, whereas…15 August, 2024
The Southern Ocean is a unique and extreme environment that is changing fast due to climate change, with shifts recorded from the surface to deep-sea ecosystems. By evolving in such…15 August, 2024 by Ronan Agnew
Seismic observations of glacier beds are key to understanding processes of basal slip and incorporating these processes into ice sheet models, which in turn inform predictions of global sea level…15 August, 2024 by Paul Holland
A crucial factor influencing the mass balance of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is the Amundsen Sea Low (ASL), a climatological low-pressure region situated off the West Antarctic coast. However,…15 August, 2024 by Gareth Chisham
The aurora and associated high energy particles and currents pose a space weather hazard to communication networks and ground-based infrastructure. Forecasting the location of the auroral oval forms an integral…15 August, 2024 by Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand
With the onset of anthropogenic climate change, it is vital that we understand climate sensitivity and rates of change during periods of warming in the Earth's past to properly inform…14 August, 2024
Polar offshore environments are considered the last pristine soundscapes, but accelerating climate change and increasing human activity threaten their integrity. In order to assess the acoustic state of polar oceans,…7 August, 2024 by Clara Manno, Florence Atherden
Southern Ocean zooplankton provide globally significant ecosystem services through their role in carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling and food webs. However, the remote and extreme nature of the Southern Ocean creates…Read more on Sediment trap illustrates taxon-specific seasonal signals in Southern Ocean zooplankton
7 August, 2024 by Martin Rogers
Mapping sea ice in the Arctic is essential for maritime navigation, and growing vessel traffic highlights the necessity of the timeliness and accuracy of sea ice charts. In addition, with…6 August, 2024 by Christopher Auckland, Povl Abrahamsen, Michael Meredith
The Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) exported from the Weddell Sea has experienced warming and contraction in the past 30 yrs. Superposed on this decadal trend is substantial annual and interannual…6 August, 2024 by Joanne Johnson, Peter Convey, Peter Fretwell
Terrestrial vegetation communities across Antarctica are characteristically sparse, presenting a challenge for mapping their occurrence using remote sensing at the continent scale. At present there is no continent-wide baseline record…Read more on A satellite-derived baseline of photosynthetic life across Antarctica
5 August, 2024
Inbreeding, the mating of individuals that are related through common ancestry, is of central importance in evolutionary and conservation biology due to its impacts on individual fitness and population dynamics.…5 August, 2024 by Diana Vladimirova, Dieter Tetzner, Ivo Strawson, Jack Humby, Liz Thomas, Thomas Bauska
Biomass burning plays an important role in climate-forcing and atmospheric chemistry. The drivers of fire activity over the past two centuries, however, are hotly debated and fueled by poor constraints…2 August, 2024 by Xu Zhang
Despite extensive investigation, the nature and causes of the Mid-Pleistocene Transition remain enigmatic. In this work, we assess its linkage to asynchronous development of bipolar ice sheets by synthesizing Pleistocene…Read more on Mid-Pleistocene climate transition triggered by Antarctic Ice Sheet growth
2 August, 2024 by Hugh Venables
Scarcity of iron and manganese limits the efficiency of the biological carbon pump over large areas of the Southern Ocean. The importance of hydrothermal vents as a source of these…Read more on Pathways and timescales of Southern Ocean hydrothermal iron and manganese transport
1 August, 2024 by Peter Fretwell
Predictions of the future emperor penguins population, linked to anthropogenic climate change, are stark. Current models suggest that if CO2 emissions continue to rise at present rates, almost all colonies…Read more on Four unreported emperor penguin colonies discovered by satellite
1 August, 2024 by Peter Convey
We studied the culturable fungal community recovered from deep marine sediments in the maritime Antarctic, and assessed their capabilities to produce exoenzymes, emulsifiers and metabolites with phytotoxic activity. Sixty-eight Ascomycota…1 August, 2024 by Amanda Burson, Cecilia Liszka, Clara Manno, Povl Abrahamsen, Geraint Tarling, Kate Hendry, Natasha Lucas, Sally Thorpe
Large icebergs (>20 km long) are responsible for most of the freshwater discharged into the Southern Ocean. We report on in situ and satellite observations made during the break-up phase around…1 August, 2024 by Markus Frey
Novel observations of aerosol and clouds by means of ground-based remote sensing have been performed in Antarctica over the Ekström ice shelf on the coast of Dronning Maud Land at…1 August, 2024 by Richard Phillips
Seabirds are amongst the most threatened taxa in the world, often due to incidental mortality (bycatch) in fisheries. Hundreds of thousands are thought to be killed worldwide in gillnets and…Read more on Incidental mortality of seabirds in trawl fisheries: A global review
1 August, 2024 by Hamish Pritchard
•Executive Summary: This annex reviews the potential impacts of overshooting 1.5 °C on natural systems, with a particular focus on tipping points, high impact events and hysteresis in the climate…Read more on Annex 5: Natural system impacts of overshoot pathways
31 July, 2024 by Hugo Rodrigues Guimaro
The participation of a diverse –in terms of geography, discipline and gender– group of Early Career Researchers (ECRs) in the peer review process can help alleviate the workload of senior…31 July, 2024 by Kelly Hogan, Peter Davis, Robert Larter
Knowledge gaps about how the ocean melts Antarctica’s ice shelves, borne from a lack of observations, lead to large uncertainties in sea level predictions. Using high-resolution maps of the underside…28 July, 2024 by Anna Jones, Evelyn Workman, Katrin Linse
Sea-air methane flux was measured directly by the eddy-covariance method across approximately 60,000 km of Arctic and Antarctic cruises during a number of summers. The Arctic Ocean (north of 60°N,…24 July, 2024 by Andrew Meijers, Jonathan Rosser
The Southern Ocean provides dominant contributions to global ocean heat and carbon uptake, which is widely interpreted as resulting from its unique upwelling and circulation. Here we show a large…Read more on Asymmetries in the Southern Ocean contribution to global heat and carbon uptake
22 July, 2024 by Andrew Kavanagh, Gareth Chisham, Mervyn Freeman
A significant increase in the number of anthropogenic objects in Earth orbit has necessitated the development of satellite conjunction assessment and collision avoidance capabilities for new spacecraft. Neutral mass density…Read more on Influences of Space Weather Forecasting Uncertainty on Satellite Conjunction Assessment
22 July, 2024 by Elizabeth Boyse
Marine mammal foraging grounds are popular focal points for marine protected area (MPA) implementation, despite being temporally dynamic, requiring continuous monitoring to infer prey availability and abundance. Marine mammal distributions…19 July, 2024 by Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand, James Smith, Robert Larter
One of Earth’s most fundamental climate shifts – the greenhouse-icehouse transition 34 Ma ago – initiated Antarctic ice-sheet build-up, influencing global climate until today. However, the extent of the ice…Read more on Ice sheet–free West Antarctica during peak early Oligocene glaciation
19 July, 2024 by Michael Meredith
Many glaciers on the Antarctic Peninsula have retreated and accelerated in recent decades. Here we show that there has been a widespread, quasi-synchronous, and sustained increase in grounding line discharge…Read more on Widespread increase in discharge from West Antarctic Peninsula glaciers since 2018
17 July, 2024 by Chester Sands, Peter Convey
The Southern Ocean benthos is remarkably rich and diverse, and managed under a complexity of treaties and conventions, further complicated by geopolitical boundaries. Traditionally, conservation management is largely informed by…17 July, 2024 by Richard Horne
Updated summaries of the August 1972 and March 1989 space weather events have been constructed. The features of these two events are compared to the Carrington 1859 event and a…17 July, 2024 by Donya Yazdani
Multi-population evolutionary and swarm intelligence dynamic optimization algorithms are the most flexible and effective methods for solving dynamic optimization problems. In a dynamic optimization problem, the search space is affected…15 July, 2024 by James Smith
The Northeast Greenland Ice Stream (NEGIS) is the main artery for ice discharge from the northeast sector of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) to the North Atlantic. Understanding the past,…Read more on The deglacial history of 79N glacier and the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream
15 July, 2024 by Gareth Chisham, Mervyn Freeman
The ability to understand and model ionospheric plasma flow on all spatial scales has important implications for operational space weather models. This study exploits a recently developed method to statistically…14 July, 2024 by Michael Meredith
The mixing of water in the ocean is a key influence on our climate and ecosystems, but its importance is often under-recognized. Mixing in the seas around Antarctica—a key process…11 July, 2024 by Chester Sands, Felipe Simoes, Peter Convey
The terrestrial fauna of Antarctica consists of a limited number of species, notably insects, small crustaceans and other micro-invertebrates. Over long periods of evolutionary isolation, these organisms have developed varying…9 July, 2024 by Aaron Hendry, Alexander Lozinski, Mark Clilverd
High energy resolution DEMETER satellite observations from the Instrument for the Detection of Particle (IDP) are analyzed during an electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC)-induced electron precipitation event. Analysis of an Interval…5 July, 2024 by Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand
Detrital smectite is a ubiquitous clay mineral in marine sediments and has a variable total Fe, Al, and Mg composition depending on the source, i.e., bedrock or unconsolidated sedimentary strata,…4 July, 2024 by Alison Cleary, Frances Perry, Geraint Tarling
Antarctic krill Euphausia superba are key components of Southern Ocean ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles, as well as the target of a growing commercial fishery. Understanding the drivers of variability in…3 July, 2024 by Gareth Chisham
The ground-based, high-frequency radars of the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) observe backscatter from ionospheric field-aligned plasma irregularities and features on the Earth's surface out to ranges of several…Read more on Multi‐Frequency SuperDARN Interferometer Calibration [Method]
2 July, 2024 by Peter Convey
We assessed soil fungal and fungal-like diversity using metabarcoding in ornithogenically influenced soils around nests of the bird species Phalacrocorax atriceps, Macronectes giganteus, Pygoscelis antarcticus, and Pygoscelis adelie on the…2 July, 2024 by Huw Griffiths, Rowan Whittle, Tasnuva Khan
Predator-prey interactions in marine ecosystems control population sizes, maintain species richness, and provide intermediate disturbance. Such ecosystem structuring interactions may be rare in Antarctic epibenthic communities, which are unique among…1 July, 2024 by Jasmine Lee
Conserving landscapes used by multiple stakeholder groups requires understanding of what each stakeholder values. Here we employed a semi-structured, participatory approach to identify features of value in the terrestrial Antarctic…Read more on Conservation features of the terrestrial Antarctic Peninsula
1 July, 2024 by Hua Lu, John King, Thomas Caton Harrison, Thomas Bracegirdle
Antarctic coastal surface winds affect ice-sheet stability, sea ice, and local ecosystems. The strongest coastal winds are especially important due to the nonlinear relationship between wind speed and wind stress.…1 July, 2024 by Alexander Brearley
Mixing in the upper ocean is important for biological production and the transfer of heat and carbon between the atmosphere and deep ocean, properties commonly targeted by observational campaigns using…Read more on Evaluating Existing Ocean Glider Sampling Strategies for Submesoscale Dynamics
1 July, 2024 by Alastair Wilson, Claire Waluda, Kate Owen, Martin Collins, Meghan Goggins, Philip Hollyman, Philip Trathan
The sub-Antarctic island of South Georgia is surrounded by highly productive waters, supporting dense aggregations of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), a vital food source for globally important seabird and marine…1 July, 2024 by Richard Phillips
Procellariiform seabirds can accumulate high levels of plastic in their gastrointestinal tracts, which can cause physical damage and potentially provides a contamination route for trace elements. We examined plastic ingestion…1 July, 2024 by Huw Griffiths
No other group of animals typifies the uniqueness of Antarctic life more than Pycnogonida (sea spiders), with 20% of all known species found in the Southern Ocean, and 64% of…Read more on Antarctica is less isolated with increasing depth – evidence from pycnogonids
1 July, 2024 by Lloyd Peck
Climate change is known to affect the distribution and composition of species, but concomitant alterations to functionally important aspects of behaviour and species-environment relations are poorly constrained. Here, we examine…1 July, 2024 by Josephine Anselin, Paul Holland
Efforts to parameterize ice shelf basal melting within climate models are limited by an incomplete understanding of the influence of ice base slope on the turbulent ice shelf–ocean boundary current…Read more on Ice Base Slope Effects on the Turbulent Ice Shelf–Ocean Boundary Current
1 July, 2024 by Andrew Meijers
Workshop on Antarctic Ice Shelf Processes in Models and Earth Observation.29 June, 2024 by Irene Malmierca Vallet, John Slattery, Louise Sime
Greenland ice core records feature Dansgaard–Oeschger (D-O) events, which are abrupt warming episodes followed by gradual cooling during ice age climate. The three climate models used in this study (CCSM4,…29 June, 2024 by Caroline Holmes, John Turner, Thomas Caton Harrison, Tony Phillips, Tylei Reeves-Francois
We investigate an unusual extensive ice-free feature (EIF) within the pack ice that developed in the central Weddell Sea in December 1980 on the edge of the multi-year sea ice…28 June, 2024 by Kate Hendry
In the Arctic and subarctic oceans, the relatively low supply of silicon (compared to other nutrients) can make it limiting for the growth of diatoms, a fundamental building block of…Read more on Detrital input sustains diatom production off a glaciated Arctic coast
28 June, 2024 by Nigel Meredith, Richard Horne, Sarah Glauert, Thomas Daggitt
The plasma density is one of the most fundamental quantities of any plasma yet measuring it in space is exceptionally difficult when the density is low. Measurements from particle detectors…25 June, 2024 by Alexander Bradley
Marine ice sheets are highly sensitive to submarine melting in their grounding zones, where they transition between grounded and floating ice. Recently published studies of the complex hydrography of grounding…Read more on Tipping point in ice-sheet grounding-zone melting due to ocean water intrusion
24 June, 2024 by Ben Robinson, David Seaton, Kevin Hughes, Simon Morley
Shallow water Antarctic marine macroepifaunal assemblages live in one of the most naturally disturbed marine environments due to the impact of icebergs scouring the seafloor. They are, however, amongst the…Read more on Measuring the impact of wharf construction on the Antarctic Benthos
24 June, 2024 by David Barnes
The seabed of the Antarctic continental shelf hosts most of Antarctica's known species, including taxa considered indicative of vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs). Nonetheless, the potential impact of climatic and environmental…Read more on Variability in Zoobenthic Blue Carbon storage across a Southern Polar Gradient
22 June, 2024 by Peter Convey
This study characterized cultivable fungi present in sediments obtained from Boeckella Lake, Hope Bay, in the north-east of the Antarctic Peninsula, and evaluated their production of enzymes and biosurfactants of…21 June, 2024 by Andrew Orr, Ella Gilbert, Ruth Price, Thomas Bracegirdle, Tony Phillips
The Ross Ice Shelf, West Antarctica, experienced an extensive melt event in January 2016. We examine the representation of this event by the HIRHAM5 and MetUM high-resolution regional atmospheric models,…18 June, 2024 by Claire Allen, Victoria Peck
The subantarctic islands of South Georgia are located in the Southern Ocean, and they may be sensitive to future climate warming. However, due to a lack of well-dated subantarctic palaeoclimate…15 June, 2024 by Alistair Monteath
When tracing vegetation dynamics over long timescales, obtaining enough floristic information to gain a detailed understanding of past communities and their transitions can be challenging. The first high-resolution sedimentary DNA…11 June, 2024 by Dorothea Moser, Liz Thomas
Melting polar and alpine ice sheets in response to global warming pose ecological and societal risks but will also hamper our ability to reconstruct past climate and atmospheric composition across…Read more on Melt-Affected Ice Cores for Polar Research in a Warming World
11 June, 2024 by Kate Hendry
The stable silicon isotopic composition of siliceous sponge skeletal elements, spicules, forms a potential proxy for past dissolved silicon (DSi) concentrations of bottom waters. Field-based studies have shown that there…Read more on Spicule morphology impacts stable silicon isotopic composition of sponge archives
8 June, 2024 by Jack Atkinson, Johnathan Ross, Richard Horne, Sarah Glauert
As the number of satellites on orbit grows it is increasingly important to understand their operating environment. Physics-based models can simulate the behavior of the Earth's radiation belts by solving…5 June, 2024 by Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand, Robert Larter
Extensive ice coverage largely prevents investigations of Antarctica’s unglaciated past. Knowledge about environmental and tectonic development before large-scale glaciation, however, is important for understanding the transition into the modern icehouse…Read more on A large-scale transcontinental river system crossed West Antarctica during the Eocene
5 June, 2024 by Peter Convey
In this study, we evaluated the fungal diversity present associated with cores of Oligocene rocks using a DNA metabarcoding approach. We detected 940,969 DNA reads grouped into 198 amplicon sequence…4 June, 2024 by Andrew Clelland, Gareth Marshall
Reanalysis datasets provide a continuous picture of the past climate for every point on Earth. They are especially useful in areas with few direct observations, such as Siberia. However, to…3 June, 2024 by Alexander Bradley, Rosie Williams, David Bett, Paul Holland, Robert Arthern
The Amundsen Sea sector has some of the fastest-thinning ice shelves in Antarctica, caused by high, ocean-driven basal melt rates, which can lead to increased ice streamflow, causing increased sea…3 June, 2024 by Andrew Orr
Accurate ensemble forecasts of heavy precipitation in India are vital for many applications and essential for early warning of damaging flood events, especially during the monsoon season. In this study…2 June, 2024 by Gary Llewellyn
As an unprecedented stream of decametric hyperspectral observations becomes available from recent and upcoming spaceborne missions, effective algorithms are required to retrieve vegetation biophysical and biochemical variables such as leaf…1 June, 2024 by Simon Morley
This study describes the feeding ecology, spatial distribution of each ontogenetic phase and the corresponding plastic debris contamination, in the Caribbean sharpnose shark, Rhizoprionodon porosus as a function of spatial-temporal…