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Spatial patterns of diversity in the sea: bryozoan species richness in the North Atlantic
1 January, 2000 by Andrew Clarke
1. We have examined large-scale geographical patterns in species richness for continental shelf bryozoan assemblages in the North Atlantic. Bryozoans are common and often abundant benthic organisms, but they have…The state and future of Mars polar science and exploration
1 January, 2000
As the planet's principal cold traps, the martian polar regions have accumulated extensive mantles of ice and dust that cover individual areas of ∼106 km2 and total as much as…Read more on The state and future of Mars polar science and exploration
Plasmaspheric storm time erosion
1 January, 2000 by Mark Clilverd
Unusually low whistler mode group delay times are observed by VLF Doppler receivers at both Faraday, Antarctica, and Dunedin, New Zealand, following magnetic storms. These are typically caused by plasmaspheric…The ionospheric footprint of antiparallel merging regions on the dayside magnetopause
1 January, 2000 by Michael Pinnock
The antiparallel merging hypothesis states that reconnection takes place on the dayside magnetopause where the solar and geomagnetic fields are oppositely directed. With this criterion, we have mapped the predicted…Read more on The ionospheric footprint of antiparallel merging regions on the dayside magnetopause
Managing fisheries to conserve the Antarctic marine ecosystem: practical implementation of the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
1 January, 2000
We aim to identify the important steps in the evolution of the ecosystem approach to management under the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR). The first…The terrestrial micro-arthropod fauna of the South Sandwich Islands
1 January, 2000 by Peter Convey
The South Sandwich Islands are an isolated maritime Antarctic volcanic island arc 550-600km south-east of South Georgia. The terrestrial biology of the islands, with emphasis on the unique habitats associated…Read more on The terrestrial micro-arthropod fauna of the South Sandwich Islands
The flora of the South Sandwich Islands, with particular reference to the influence of geothermal heating
1 January, 2000 by Dominic Hodgson, Helen Peat, Peter Convey
Aim To carry out as comprehensive a survey as practicable of the flora (higher plants, mosses, liverworts, lichens, basidiomycete fungi and diatoms) of the isolated, volcanically active, South Sandwich Islands…The terrestrial biota of Charcot Island, eastern Bellingshausen Sea, Antarctica: an example of extreme isolation
1 January, 2000 by Helen Peat, Peter Convey
This paper documents the previously undescribed terrestrial fauna (mites, nematodes, tardigrades) and flora (liverworts, mosses and lichens) of Marion Nunataks, Charcot Island (69°45'S 075°15'W). Species diversity in all groups is…Refining the risk of freezing mortality for Antarctic terrestrial microarthropods
1 January, 2000 by Roger Worland, Peter Convey
In studies of three common, freezing susceptible, Antarctic microarthropods, the springtail Cryptopygus antarcticus and the mites Alaskozetes antarcticus and Halozetes belgicae, we report (i) the consequences on cold tolerance of…Read more on Refining the risk of freezing mortality for Antarctic terrestrial microarthropods
Survival of freezing by free-living Antarctic soil nematodes
1 January, 2000 by Roger Worland, Peter Convey
Free-living microbivorous nematodes become numerically dominant in Antarctic terrestrial faunas as environmental conditions become more severe, while also reaching very high levels of abundance in moist, vegetated habitats. Nematodes have…Read more on Survival of freezing by free-living Antarctic soil nematodes
Evolution of taxonomic diversity gradients in the marine realm: evidence from the composition of Recent bivalve faunas
1 January, 2000 by Alistair Crame
A major new inventory of living marine Bivalvia (Mollusca) is based on 29 regional faunas. These again pick out strong latitudinal and longitudinal gradients in taxonomic diversity, but there are…Intrinsic and extrinsic controls on the diversification of the Bivalvia
1 January, 2000 by Alistair Crame
At the present day the Class Bivalvia comprises some 8000 species, sub-divided into approximately 700 genera, 107 families, and 41 superfamilies (Morton, 1996, and references therein). It represents one of…Read more on Intrinsic and extrinsic controls on the diversification of the Bivalvia
The nature and origin of taxonomic diversity gradients in marine bivalves
1 January, 2000 by Alistair Crame
Bivalves have been fundamental in developing the understanding of large-scale biodiversity patterns in the marine realm. A new study based on 29 regional bivalve faunas indicates that both latitudinal and…Read more on The nature and origin of taxonomic diversity gradients in marine bivalves
Fatty acid composition as an indicator of carnivory in Antarctic krill,Euphausia superba
1 January, 2000
In a previous study at South Georgia, carnivory was invoked as a cause of high polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba. To examine this, krill were…Energy balance and cold adaptation in the octopus Pareledone charcoti
1 January, 2000 by Lloyd Peck
A complete energy balance equation is calculated for the Antarctic octopus Pareledone charcoti at 0°C. Energy used in respiration, growth, and excretion of nitrogenous and faecal waste, was recorded along…Read more on Energy balance and cold adaptation in the octopus Pareledone charcoti
Cephalopod diet of the southern elephant seal, Mirounga leonina, at King George Island, South Shetland Islands
1 January, 2000 by Paul Rodhouse
In the summer of 1995/96, 25 southern elephant seals, Mirounga leonina, were stomach lavaged at Stranger Point, King George Island, South Shetland Islands. Cephalopod remains were present in 72% of…Molecular evidence for genetic mixing of Arctic and Antarctic subpolar populations of planktonic foraminifers
1 January, 2000
Bipolarity, the presence of a species in the high latitudes separated by a gap in distribution across the tropics, is a well-known pattern of global species distribution. But the question…A novel miniature confocal microscope/Raman spectrometer system for biomolecular analysis on future Mars missions after Antarctic trials
1 January, 2000
Biomolecules, such as the productive and protective pigments of photosynthetic organisms, are good biomarkers in extreme Antarctic deserts as analogues of early Mars. Laser Raman technology at long wavelengths which…Antarctic Peninsula Late Cretaceous-Early Cenozoic palaeoenvironments and Gondwana palaeogeographies
1 January, 2000
A review is made of stratigraphical, geochemical and palaeogeographical data from the northern Antarctic Peninsula and the Southern Ocean for Late Mesozoic-Early Cenozoic times. Clay mineral and S/total organic C…The non-marine invertebrate fauna of Deception Island (Maritime Antarctic): a baseline for a comprehensive biodiversity database
1 January, 2000 by Peter Convey, Sandra McInnes, Sandra McInnes
A small collection of samples from terrestrial and fresh-water habitats on Deception Island in the Maritime Antarctic South Shetland archipelago yielded 14 invertebrate taxa, including four species, which are new…Profiling cryopreservation protocols for Ribes ciliatum using differential scanning calorimetry
1 January, 2000 by Roger Worland, William Block
DSC analysis was performed at three points in the cryopreservation process on encapsulated-dehydrated meristems of Ribes ciliatum. Meristems were excised from shoots pre-treated with either sucrose or glucose, encapsulated in…Vibrational Raman spectroscopic study of scytonemin, the UV-protective cyanobacterial pigment
1 January, 2000
The Raman spectrum of the photoprotective pigmentscytonemin found in cyanobacterial sheaths has been obtained for the first time. Its skeletal structure is extensively conjugated and unique in nature. Detailed molecular…Inter-annual variation in the gonad cycle of the mackerel icefish
1 January, 2000
Spawning by Antarctic fish is generally considered to be seasonal and restricted to a brief period during the autumn and winter. Arising from this it has been assumed that the…Read more on Inter-annual variation in the gonad cycle of the mackerel icefish
Cretaceous (Late Albian) coniferales of Alexander Island, Antarctica. 1: Wood taxonomy: a quantitative approach
1 January, 2000
Silicified conifer woods are very common in the mid-Cretaceous (LateAlbian, 100 Ma) Triton Point Member of the Neptune Glacier Formation (Fossil Bluff Group), SE AlexanderIsland, Antarctica. These occur as up…A method to distinguish between woods produced by evergreen and deciduous coniferopsids on the basis of growth ring anatomy: a new palaeoecological tool
1 January, 2000
A method is outlined in which woods produced by deciduous and evergreen coniferopsids may be distinguished from one another on the basis of a quantitative analysis of growth ring anatomy.…The relationship between leaf longevity and growth ring markedness in modern conifer woods and its implications for palaeoclimatic studies
1 January, 2000
Growth rings in modern conifer woods were quantitatively analysed to investigate the relationship between leaflongevity and the markedness of the growth ring boundary. Five conifer species exhibiting a wide range…Lipids, trophic relationships, and biodiversity in Arctic and Antarctic krill
1 January, 2000 by Andrew Clarke
Environmental seasonality is a critical factor in structuring polar marine ecosystems. The extensive data now available on the lipids of Arctic and Antarctic euphausiids show that all species are characterised…Read more on Lipids, trophic relationships, and biodiversity in Arctic and Antarctic krill
Fish do not avoid survey vessels
1 January, 2000
The precarious condition of the world's fisheries is making ever-greater demands of the scientific assessment of fish stocks. Traditional assessments that rely on commercial catch statistics can have major shortcomings1…Relics of a complex triple junction in the Weddell Sea embayment, Antarctica
1 January, 2000
Interpretation of an airborne magnetic data compilation containing a key, new survey, together with re-tracked satellite gravity data from the WeddellSeaembayment (WSE), West Antarctica, suggests Rift–Rift–Rift triplejunction formation at the…Read more on Relics of a complex triple junction in the Weddell Sea embayment, Antarctica
Facies analysis and sequence stratigraphy of CRP-2/2A, Victoria Land basin, Antarctica
1 January, 2000
The Oligocene to Quaternary succession encountered in CRP-2/2A is divided into twelve recurrent lithofacies (some of which have been subdivided further), reflecting a range of marine, glacimarine and possibly subglacial…Read more on Facies analysis and sequence stratigraphy of CRP-2/2A, Victoria Land basin, Antarctica
Possible causes of stratospheric NO2 trends observed at Lauder, New Zealand
1 January, 2000 by Howard Roscoe
A recently published analysis of slant columns of NO2 observed at twilight at 45°S has identified trends of about 5%/decade between 1980 and 1998. This is twice the trend in…Read more on Possible causes of stratospheric NO2 trends observed at Lauder, New Zealand
Effect of magnetopause leakage on the lifetime of magnetospheric cavity modes
1 January, 2000 by Mervyn Freeman
Magnetospheric cavity modes can decay through various loss processes. Energy leakage across the magnetopause is one such process that is commonly neglected. Here we consider what the actual effect of…Read more on Effect of magnetopause leakage on the lifetime of magnetospheric cavity modes
Evidence for a solar wind origin of the power law burst lifetime distribution of the AE indices
1 January, 2000 by Mervyn Freeman
In this paper we examine the claim that the power law distribution of burst lifetimes in the AE index is evidence that the magnetosphere is a Self‐Organized Critical (SOC) system.…Power law distributions of burst duration and interburst interval in the solar wind: Turbulence or dissipative self-organized criticality?
1 January, 2000 by Mervyn Freeman
We calculate the probability density functions P of burst energy e, duration T, and interburst interval τ for a known turbulent system in nature. Bursts in the Earth-Sun component of…Variations between winter and summer in the toxicity of copper to a population of the mysid Praunus flexuosus
1 January, 2000 by Lloyd Peck
Copper toxicity was tested on a coastal population of the mysid Praunus flexuosus (Müller) from Southampton Water (Southern England) under winter and summer conditions. Ten-day toxicity tests were performed on…Foraging partitioning between giant petrels Macronectes spp. and its relationship with breeding population changes at Bird Island, South Georgia
1 January, 2000 by Andrew Wood
We satellite-tracked the foraging trips of males and females of the 2 sibling species of giant petrels, Macronectes halli and M. giganteus, breeding sympatrically at Bird Island (South Georgia, Antarctica),…Sexual dimorphism and sexual segregation in foraging strategies of northern giant petrels, Macronectes halli, during incubation
1 January, 2000 by Andrew Wood
Giant petrels (Macronectes spp.) are the most sexually dimorphic of all seabirds. We used satellite-tracking and mass change during incubation to investigate the influence of sexual size dimorphism, in terms…Field comparison of an LHPR net sampling system and an Optical Plankton Counter (OPC) in the Southern Ocean
1 January, 2000 by Eugene Murphy, Peter Ward
A field comparison of an optical plankton counter (OPC) and a Longhurst-Hardy Plankton Recorder (LHPR) was undertaken around the sub-Antarctic island of South Georgia during austral spring, 1997, to investigate…Foraging ranges, diets and feeding locations of gannets Morus bassanus in the North Sea:evidence from satellite telemetry
1 January, 2000 by Andrew Wood, Richard Phillips
We used satellite telemetry to examine the foraging ranges, feeding locations and travel speeds of 17 chick-rearing gannets Morus bassanus from the Bass Rock, SE Scotland. Regurgitates indicated that birds…A search for ENSO teleconnections in the west Antarctic Peninsula climate in austral winter
1 January, 2000
Evidence is sought for El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) teleconnections in the South Pacific extratropical atmospheric circulation and in seasonal temperatures in the west Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) during austral winter. Emphasis…Sprite observations in the Northern Territory of Australia
1 January, 2000
Sprites, a form of brief luminous discharge in the upper atmosphere above a thunderstorm, were observed and imaged on two video cameras in Australia's Northern Territory. These were the first…Read more on Sprite observations in the Northern Territory of Australia
Do some like it hot? Temperature as a possible determinant of variability in the growth of the Patagonian squid, Loligo gahi (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae)
1 January, 2000
Loligo gahi were collected from bottom trawl samples taken around the Falkland Islands on both commercial and research vessels from January 1994 to November 1995. Commercial samples were taken from…Continental rift to back-arc basin: Jurassic-Cretaceous stratigraphical and structural evolution of the Larsen Basin, Antarctic Peninsula
1 January, 2000
The Larsen Basin developed in Jurassic times as a result of continental rifting during the early stages of Gondwana break‐up. Lower‐?Upper Jurassic non‐marine sedimentary and volcanic rocks constitute a syn‐rift…Temperature and the hygropreference of the Arctic Collembolan Onychiurus arcticus and mite Lauroppia translamellata
1 January, 2000 by Roger Worland, Peter Convey
The hygropreference of adult Onychiurus arcticus (Tullberg) was investigated over 2 h at 0, 10 and 20°C, along humidity gradients (12–98% RH) established using different salt solutions. At all temperatures…Chlamydophila abortus in a brown skua (Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi) from a subantarctic island
1 January, 2000
On Bird Island, South Georgia, a new strain of Chlamydophila abortus was detected in one Brown skua out of 37 specimens from six different seabird species. Phylogenetic analysis of thernpB…Sliding over anisotropic beds
1 January, 2000 by Richard Hindmarsh, Richard Hindmarsh
Many glacier beds are anisotropic, by which is meant that the dominant wavelengths are different in the two map-plane directions. A largely unexplored consequence of Nye-Kamb sliding theory is the…Use of a viscous model of till rheology to describe gravitational loading instabilities in glacial sediments
1 January, 2000 by Richard Hindmarsh, Richard Hindmarsh
This paper models the operation of loading (Rayleigh-Taylor) instabilities in sediments using an effective-pressure-dependent viscosity such has been used to model the deformation of sediment beneath glaciers. A particular feature…Artificial surface pressure trends in the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis over the Southern Ocean and Antarctica
1 January, 2000 by Gareth Marshall
An examination of 50 years of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) reanalysis from 1949 to 1998 reveals that significant spurious trends occur in…Raman spectroscopy of pigments and oxalates in situ within epilithic lichens: Acarospora from the Antarctic and Mediterranean
1 January, 2000
Fourier Transform laser Raman spectroscopy was used to generate diagnostic spectra for pigments and biodegradative calcium oxalate in situ in two yellow-pigmented species of the lichen genus Acarospora from contrasting…Living probes into the marine environment – apex predators as oceanographic platforms
1 January, 2000
The primary obstacles to the collection of oceanographic data are the limitations of sampling i n time and in three-dimensional space. Ship-board surveys are well designed for detailed sampling at…Read more on Living probes into the marine environment – apex predators as oceanographic platforms
Electron pitch angle diffusion by electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic waves: The origin of pancake distributions
1 January, 2000 by Richard Horne
It has been suggested that highly anisotropic electron pancake distributions are the result of pitch angle diffusion by electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic (ECH) and whistler mode waves in the equatorial…Proton and electron heating by radially propagating fast magnetosonic waves
1 January, 2000 by Richard Horne
We investigate the propagation, growth, and decay of fast magnetosonic waves in the Earth's magnetosphere which are believed to contribute to proton heating up to energies of a few hundred…Read more on Proton and electron heating by radially propagating fast magnetosonic waves
Chick growth in albatrosses: curve fitting with a twist
1 January, 2000
We present a new type of equation to describe the growth patterns of procellariiform seabirds and other species whose chicks characteristically lose mass towards the end of the rearing period.…Read more on Chick growth in albatrosses: curve fitting with a twist
Chick provisioning rates and growth in Black-browed Albatross Diomedea melanophris and Grey-headed Albatross D. chrysostoma at Bird Island, South Georgia
1 January, 2000
We compared the parental division of labour and the pattern and rate of parental provisioning by two sympatric species of albatross of similar mass and breeding timetable but differing in…Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) concentrations in the Antarctic troposphere measured during the photochemical experiment at Neumayer (PEAN’99)
1 January, 2000 by Anna Jones
Because investigations of PAN at higher southern latitudes are very scarce, we measured surface PAN concentrations for the first time in Antarctica. During the Photochemical Experiment at Neumayer (PEAN'99) campaign…Speciation and rate of photochemical NO and NO2 production in Antarctic snow
1 January, 2000 by Anna Jones, Eric Wolff
Measurements were made of NO and NO2, in controlled experiments to investigate their production from snow. Throughout a diurnal cycle, measurements were made of ambient air and air from inside…Read more on Speciation and rate of photochemical NO and NO2 production in Antarctic snow
Dynasonde observations of electron concentration gradients above Tromsø
1 January, 2000
The Dynasonde is a digital ionosonde which measures the amplitude and phase of radio echoes reflected from the ionosphere. In addition to the frequency and virtual range of each echo,…Read more on Dynasonde observations of electron concentration gradients above Tromsø
Palaeolimnological evidence for marked Holocene environmental changes on Signy Island, Antarctica
1 January, 2000 by Dominic Hodgson
Lake-sediment cores from Heywood and Sombre Lakes on Signy Island (South Orkney Islands), Antarctica, have yielded a conformable radiocarbon chronology for the Holocene and a high-resolution record of environmental change.…Gastropod predation patterns in Pliocene and Recent pectinid bivalves from Antarctica and New Zealand
1 January, 2000
Boreholes in the large, extinct Antarctic Neogene pectinid Zygochlamys anderssoni suggest that this scallop was preyed upon by a large predatory muricid gastropod impossibly a Trophon species). The holes occur…Global evolution of a substorm-associated DP2 current system observed by superDARN and magnetometers
1 January, 2000 by Michael Pinnock
This paper deals with an evolution of the electric field in the dayside auroral and equatorial ionosphere during asubstorm on July 16, 1995. A southward turning of the IMF detected…The crustal structure and sedimentation of the Weddell Sea embayment: implications for Gondwana reconstructions
1 January, 2000 by Ed King
The Weddell Sea embayment is central to reconstructions of the West Antarctic region of Gondwana. Some reconstructions represent this area as a pre-break-up component, the Filchner block, defined by the…A pilot study for predicting ozone amounts for the general public in southern Chile
1 January, 2000 by Anna Jones, John Turner, Thomas Lachlan-Cope
During 1994/95 a UK Overseas Development Administration (now Department for International Development - DFID) funded project was undertaken to predict ozone amount over Punta Arenas in southern Chile. A low-cost…Read more on A pilot study for predicting ozone amounts for the general public in southern Chile
Combined characterisation of GOME and TOMS total ozone measurements from space using ground-based observations from the NDSC
1 January, 2000 by Howard Roscoe, Jonathan Shanklin
Several years of total ozone measured from space by the ERS-2 GOME, the Earth Probe TOMS, and the ADEOS TOMS, are compared with high-quality ground-based observations associated with the Network…Strontium isotope stratigraphy and age model for CRP-2/2A, Victoria Land basin, Antarctica
1 January, 2000
Strontium isotope stratigraphy was used to date 16 discrete horizons within the CRP-2/2A drillhole. Reworked Quaternary (Protozoan growth rates in Antarctic lakes
1 January, 2000
The growth rates of heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNAN), mixotrophic cryptophytes, dinoflagellates and ciliates in field assemblages from Ace Lake in the Vestfold Hills (eastern Antarctica) and Lakes Fryxell and Hoare (McMurdo…A comparison of two spectral approaches for computing the Earth response to surface loads
1 January, 2000 by Richard Hindmarsh, Richard Hindmarsh
When predicting the deformation of the Earth under surface loads, most models follow the same methodology, consisting of producing a unit response that is then con-volved with the appropriate surface…Magma supply in back-arc spreading segment E2, East Scotia Ridge
1 January, 2000 by Philip Leat
Segment E2 is situated in the back-arc East Scotia Ridge. The segment is unusual in that it has an axial topographic high underlain by a seismically imaged melt lens. The…Read more on Magma supply in back-arc spreading segment E2, East Scotia Ridge
Middle Jurassic ultramafic lamprophyre dyke within the Ferrar magmatic province, Pensacola Mountains, Antarctica
1 January, 2000 by Philip Leat, Teal Riley
An ultramafic lamprophyre dyke is described from the otherwise tholeiitic Ferrar magmatic province of Antarctica. We report an Ar-Ar age of 183 ± 2.2 Ma for the dyke, indistinguishable from…Model and measurements show Antarctic ozone loss follows edge of polar night
1 January, 2000 by Howard Roscoe
A three‐dimensional chemical‐transport model of the stratosphere has been used to study the 1996 austral winter and spring. Both the model and ozonesonde measurements show that ozone depletion associated with…Read more on Model and measurements show Antarctic ozone loss follows edge of polar night
Autopsy on a dead spreading center: The Phoenix Ridge, Drake Passage, Antarctica
1 January, 2000
New bathymetric and magnetic anomaly data from the Phoenix Ridge, Antarctica, show that extinction of all three remaining segments occurred at the time of magnetic chron C2A (3.3 ± 0.2…Read more on Autopsy on a dead spreading center: The Phoenix Ridge, Drake Passage, Antarctica
Aerobic endospore-forming bacteria from geothermal environments in northern Victoria Land, Antarctica, and Candlemas Island, South Sandwich archipelago, with the proposal of Bacillus fumarioli sp. nov
1 January, 2000
Aerobic endospore-forming bacteria were isolated from soils taken from active fumaroles on Mount Rittmann and Mount Melbourne in northern Victoria Land, Antarctica, and from active and inactive fumaroles on Candlemas…Tectonics of an extinct ridge-transform intersection, Drake Passage (Antarctica)
1 January, 2000
New swath bathymetric, multichannel seismic and magnetic data reveal the complexity of the intersection between the extinct West Scotia Ridge (WSR) and the Shackleton Fracture Zone (SFZ), a first-order NW-SE…Read more on Tectonics of an extinct ridge-transform intersection, Drake Passage (Antarctica)