Our publications
Showing: All publications
Found 14035 items
Contrasting strategies of provisioning and chick growth in two sympatrically breeding albatrosses at Campbell Island, New Zealand
1 January, 2000
The provisioning strategies of two closely related species of albatross breeding sympatrically were studied at Campbell Island, New Zealand. Black-browed Albatrosses (Diomedea melanophrys) had a higher provisioning rate of chicks…Chick provisioning by the Yellow-nosed Albatross Diomedea chlororhynchos: response of foraging effort to experimentally increased costs and demands
1 January, 2000
We examined the provisioning strategy of a long-lived seabird to test the prediction from life-history theory that adults should preferentially allocate resources towards their own needs rather than towards their…Influence of growth temperature on lipid and soluble carbohydrate synthesis by fungi isolated from fellfield soil in the maritime Antarctic
1 January, 2000
The effects of growth temperature on soluble carbohydrate and lipid content of Humicola marvinii, Geomyces pannorum and Mortierella elongata isolated from the Antarctic (Signy Island; 60° 43′S, 45°38′W) were investigated.…Cold acclimation and cryoprotectants in a freeze-tolerant Antarctic nematode, Panagrolaimus davidi
1 January, 2000 by Roger Worland
Panagrolaimus davidi is a freeze-tolerant Antarctic nematode which survives extensive intracellular freezing. This paper describes the development of culture techniques which provide clean samples, with a high degree of freeze…Diversity of thermal responses of lipid composition in the membranes of the dominant culturable members of an Antarctic fellfield soil bacterial community
1 January, 2000
The eight dominant culturable members of an Antarctic fellfield soil bacterial community were four Arthrobacter species, Sanguibacter suarezii, Aureobacterium testaceum, a Bacillus sp., and a Pseudomonas sp.. All of the…Chlorophyll/nutrient characteristics in the water masses to the north of South Georgia, Southern Ocean
1 January, 2000
Chlorophyll a and nutrient concentrations along with temperature and salinity values were measured at 22 CTD stations along a 735-km transect running to the northwest of the island of South…Transmission electron microscope analysis of virus-like particles in the freshwater lakes of Signy Island, Antarctica
1 January, 2000 by David Pearce
Water samples from a range of fresh-water Antarctic lakes on Signy Island (South Orkney Islands: 60°45′S, 45 °38′W) were examined for the presence of virus-like particles (VLPs) during the 1998/1999 field…History of the atmosphere from ice cores
1 January, 2000 by Eric Wolff
Ice cores are an excellent way of finding out how the atmosphere has changed because climate signals and many forcing factors for climate are present in the same core. Their…Quantifying habitat use in satellite-tracked pelagic seabirds: application of kernel estimation to albatross locations
1 January, 2000 by Andrew Wood
We develop a new approach to quantifying habitat use within the foraging ranges of satellite-tracked seabirds. We applied kernel estimation techniques to 167 days (3738 locations) of data from Black-browed…Laser-derived, particle size data from CRP-2/2A: implications for sequence and seismic stratigraphy
1 January, 2000
Gravel-free, high-resolution (1-metre spacing, 32 channel) particle size data from the CRP-2/2A drill core indicate that many of the diamictites were likely deposited from floating ice. Textural dislocations occur at…Survival of Heleomyza borealis (Diptera, Heleomyzidae) larvae down to -60oC
1 January, 2000 by Roger Worland, William Block
Heleomyza borealis Boh. (Diptera, Heleomyzidae) overwinters as larvae in Arctic habitats, where they may experience winter temperatures below − 15°C. The larvae freeze at c.− 7°C but in acclimation experiments 80% survived…Read more on Survival of Heleomyza borealis (Diptera, Heleomyzidae) larvae down to -60oC
Rapid cold hardening: a gut feeling
1 January, 2000 by Roger Worland, Peter Convey
This study examined the rate of cold hardening of a field population of Antarctic springtails and the effect of eating food with particular levels of ice nucleating activity on the…The effect of feeding on specific soil algae on the cold-hardiness of two Antarctic micro-arthropods (Alaskozetes antarcticus and Cryptopygus antarcticus)
1 January, 2000 by Roger Worland
The effect of consuming terrestrial algae on the cold tolerance of two Antarctic micro-arthropods was examined. From the results of preferential feeding experiments, seven species of Antarctic terrestrial micro-algae were…Space Plasma Exploration by Active Radar (SPEAR): an overview of a future radar facility
1 January, 2000 by Richard Horne
SPEAR is a new polar cap HF radar facility which is to be deployed on Svalbard. The principal capabilities of SPEAR will include the generation of artificial plasma irregularities, operation…Postsealing genetic variation and population structure of two species of fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella and A. tropicalis)
1 January, 2000
Commercial sealing in the 18th and 19th centuries had a major impact on the Antarctic and subantarctic fur seal populations (Arctocephalus gazella and A. tropicalis) in the Southern Ocean. The…Cyanobacteria in deserts — life at the limit?
1 January, 2000
Cyanobacteria are primitive phototrophic prokaryotes whose long evolutionary history dates back to the Proterozoic era. Their ubiquity on the planet and dominance in hot and cold deserts is a measure…Antarctic ecosystems as models for extraterrestrial surface habitats
1 January, 2000
Surface habitats in Antarctic deserts are near the limits of life on Earth and resemble those hypothesized for early Mars. Cyanobacteria dominate the transient riverbeds, stromatolitic sediments in ice-covered lakes,…Read more on Antarctic ecosystems as models for extraterrestrial surface habitats
Proximal analysis of regolith habitats and protective biomolecules in situ by laser Raman spectroscopy: Overview of terrestrial Antarctic habitats and Mars analogs
1 January, 2000
Fourier-transform laser Raman spectroscopy in the near infrared (1064 nm) has been used to characterize a variety of key pigments and biomolecules produced by cyanobacteria and other stress-tolerant microbes in…Lichens at the limits of life: past perspectives and modern technology
1 January, 2000
Lichens are found at the limits of polar life in the Antarctic Dry Valleys under extreme conditions of UVB radiation, desiccation and low temperature. They may even have evolved in…Read more on Lichens at the limits of life: past perspectives and modern technology
Commensalism between a liparid fish (Careproctus sp.) and stone crabs (Lithodidae) photographed in situ using a baited camera
1 January, 2000 by Martin Collins
The commensal relationship between a snailfish, tentatively identified as Careproctus sp. (Osteichthyes: Liparidae), and the lithodid crab Paralomis formosa (Crustacea: Lithodidae) was photographed in situ using a baited camera vehicle,…From model intercomparison toward benchmark UV spectra for six real atmospheric cases
1 January, 2000
The validity of a radiative transfer model can be checked either by comparing its results with measurements or with solutions for artificial cases. Unfortunately, neither type of comparison can guarantee…Read more on From model intercomparison toward benchmark UV spectra for six real atmospheric cases
Bacterial growth and grazing loss in contrasting areas of North and South Atlantic
1 January, 2000
Samples were collected from the top 200 m of the water column at 50 stations during two cruises in different, near equinoctial seasons on an Atlantic transect near the 20°W…Read more on Bacterial growth and grazing loss in contrasting areas of North and South Atlantic
Krill: biology, ecology and fisheries
1 January, 2000
Krill, or euphausiids, a group of immense importance in marine ecosystems, comprises over 80 species, most of which are planktonic. Krill are widespread with species to be found in all…Experimental evaluation of the effectiveness of weighting regimes in reducing seabird by-catch in the longline toothfish fishery around South Georgia
1 January, 2000
A series of experiments was carried out in February 1999 at South Georgia (Subarea 48.3) to examine the effects of different weighting regimes on the incidental mortality of birds caught…Identification of the low-altitude cusp by Super Dual Auroral Radar Network radars: A physical explanation for the empirically derived signature
1 January, 2000 by Michael Pinnock
The Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) radars are proving to be a very powerful experimental tool for exploring solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere interactions. They measure the autocorrelation function (ACF) of the…Burrowing in the Antarctic anemone, Halcampoides sp., from Signy Island, Antarctica
1 January, 2000 by Lloyd Peck
Antarctic anemones of the genus Halcampoides inhabit low intertidal and shallow subtidal zones. They readily burrow into soft sediments following disturbance. The process of re-burying was recorded using time-lapse video…Read more on Burrowing in the Antarctic anemone, Halcampoides sp., from Signy Island, Antarctica
Zonal distribution and seasonal vertical migration of copepod assemblages in the Scotia Sea
1 January, 2000
Large, biomass-dominant Southern Ocean copepod species have been much studied, but small and mesopelagic species also play major rôles in these ecosystems. However, little is known of some basic aspects…Ammonium excretion by Antarctic krill Euphausia superba at South Georgia
1 January, 2000
Excretion by Antarctic krill Euphausia superba (hereafter ‘‘krill’’) is measured typically in small containers of filtered seawater for 12–24 h, which may cause a reduction of swimming, feeding, and metabolism.…Read more on Ammonium excretion by Antarctic krill Euphausia superba at South Georgia
A magnetotelluric model of the Mana Pools basin, northern Zimbabwe
1 January, 2000
The Mana Pools sedimentary basin lies within the Zambezi mobile belt in northern Zimbabwe. New and preexisting magnetotelluric data and the available seismic reflection data are used to constrain the…Read more on A magnetotelluric model of the Mana Pools basin, northern Zimbabwe
Thermal tolerance and acclimation response of larvae of the sub-Antarctic beetle Hydromedion sparsutum (Coleoptera: Perimylopidae)
1 January, 2000 by Roger Worland, William Block
Hydromedion sparsutum is a locally abundant herbivorous beetle on the sub-Antarctic island of South Georgia, often living in close association with the tussock grass Parodiochloa flabellata. Over a 4-day period…Widespread complex flow in the interior of the Antarctic Ice Sheet
1 January, 2000 by David Vaughan
It has been suggested that as much as 90% of the discharge from the Antarctic Ice Sheet is drained through a small number of fast-moving ice streams and outlet glaciers…Read more on Widespread complex flow in the interior of the Antarctic Ice Sheet
Phosphatase activities of endolithic communities in rocks of the Antarctic Dry Valleys
1 January, 2000
Phosphorus is scarce in Beacon Sandstone of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, and any input from precipitation is minimal. In endolithic microbial communities recycling of P by the action of…Read more on Phosphatase activities of endolithic communities in rocks of the Antarctic Dry Valleys
Surface phosphomonoesterase activity of a natural immobilized system: Chroococcidioposis in an Antarctic desert rock
1 January, 2000
The phosphomonoesterase activity of a microbialcommunity dominated by Chroococcidiopsis in arock sample from the Antarctic dry desert was comparedwith that of a non-axenic culture of thecyanobacterium isolated from the same…Anomalous temperatures in central Scotia Sea sediments – Bottom water variation or pore water circulation in old ocean crust
1 January, 2000
We report low temperature gradients (from 60% to 12% of geothermal), and extrapolated temperatures offset from modern bottom water temperatures, in sediments from the central Scotia Sea. We examine possible…The use of acoustics to monitor burrow-nesting white-chinned petrels Procellaria aequinoctialis at Bird Island, South Georgia
1 January, 2000
Tape recordings of two types of vocalisations were used to assess burrow occupancy by white-chinned petrels (Procellaria aequinoctialis) at South Georgia. Birds responded to the rattle call on 74% of…Status of white-chinned petrels Procellaria aequinoctialis Linnaeus 1758, at Bird Island, South Georgia
1 January, 2000
The white-chinned petrel (Procellaria aequinoctialis) is an abundant, widespread petrel breeding in tussock grassland at sub-Antarctic islands. Over the last decade it has been killed in large numbers in temperate…Foraging location and range of white-chinned petrels Procellaria aequinoctialis breeding in the South Atlantic
1 January, 2000
The foraging range and principal feeding areas of White-chinned Petrels breeding at South Georgia were determined using satellite telemetry. Foraging trips during incubation lasted 12–15 days and covered 3000–8000 km…DSC studies of freezing in terrestrial enchytraeids (Annelida: Oligochaeta)
1 January, 2000 by William Block
Specimens of six enchytraeid species from a wide range of terrestrial habitats were cooled to –25oC and rewarmed at 1oC min-1 and their cryobiological features measured by DSC. All were…Read more on DSC studies of freezing in terrestrial enchytraeids (Annelida: Oligochaeta)
Digestion rate, gut passage time and absorption efficiency in the Antarctic spiny plunderfish
1 January, 2000
The absolute gut evacuation rate (GER) (g day−1) of Harpagifer antarcticus increased with increasing ration mass, fish mass only influenced the absolute GER at a daily ration level of 0·3%…Skin temperatures during free-ranging swimming and diving in Antarctic fur seals
1 January, 2000
This study tests the hypothesis that an endothermic homeotherm should minimise heat flux in cold polar waters by minimising skin temperature. Temperature variability was measured at the surface of the…Read more on Skin temperatures during free-ranging swimming and diving in Antarctic fur seals
State-dependent fertility in pinnipeds: contrasting capital and income breeders
1 January, 2000
1. The study tested the hypothesis that the occurrence of pregnancy in mammals that are capital breeders will be most closely related to state variables that are indices of food…Read more on State-dependent fertility in pinnipeds: contrasting capital and income breeders
Physical oceanographic conditions to the northwest of the sub-Antarctic Island of South Georgia
1 January, 2000 by Eugene Murphy, Philip Trathan
Ocean physics is a key aspect of the operation of island ecosystems, yet the hydrodynamics is sometimes poorly understood. A high-resolution oceanographic survey to the north of South Georgia identified…Effects of sea ice cover on the swarming behaviour of Antarctic krill,Euphausia superba
1 January, 2000 by Jonathan Watkins
Much of the distribution range of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, is covered by permanent or seasonal sea ice. Sea ice extent has been implicated as a major factor affecting reproductive…Read more on Effects of sea ice cover on the swarming behaviour of Antarctic krill,Euphausia superba
Isolation and characterization of Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni from Macaroni Penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus) in the subantarctic region
1 January, 2000
On Bird Island, South Georgia, albatrosses (n = 140), penguins (n = 100), and fur seals (n = 206) were sampled for Campylobacter jejuni. C. jejuni subsp. jejuni was recovered…Temporal plankton dynamics in an oligotrophic maritime Antarctic lake
1 January, 2000
1 The population density, diversity and productivity of the microbial plankton in an oligotrophic maritime Antarctic lake were studied for a 15-month period between December 1994 and February 1996. 2…Read more on Temporal plankton dynamics in an oligotrophic maritime Antarctic lake
A petrified cycad trunk from the Late Cretaceous of the Larsen Basin, Antarctica
1 January, 2000
Cetricycas antarcticus gen. et sp. nov. occurs in the Late Coniacian to Campanian Lachman Crags Member of the Santa Marta Formation, Marambio Group, James Ross Island, Antarctica. The petrified trunk…Read more on A petrified cycad trunk from the Late Cretaceous of the Larsen Basin, Antarctica
A new macroflora from the South Orkney Islands, Antarctica: evidence of an Early to Middle Jurassic age for the Powell Island Conglomerate
1 January, 2000
A macroflora from John Peaks, Powell Island, contains Sagenopteris nilssoniana, Cladophlebis oblonga, Brachyphyllum sp., Elatocladus confertus, and Sphenopteris sp. The macroflora is best correlated with the Botany Bay Group flora,…A composite gazetteer of Antarctica
1 January, 2000
Publication of the Composite gazetteer of Antarctica by the SCAR Working Group on Geodesy and Geographic Information is a major milestone in the evolution of Antarctic toponymy. It has taken…Poleward‐moving HF radar flow bursts in the cusp: Transient changes in flow speed or direction?
1 January, 2000 by Gareth Chisham, Michael Pinnock
Poleward‐moving line‐of‐sight velocity “flow bursts” have been observed in the cusp by two southern hemisphere SuperDARN HF radars with overlapping fields‐of‐view. This has allowed the estimation of unambiguous two‐dimensional velocity…High-time resolution conjugate SuperDARN radar observations of the dayside convection response to changes in IMF By
1 January, 2000 by Gareth Chisham, Michael Pinnock
We present data from conjugate SuperDARN radars describing the high-latitude ionosphere's response to changes in the direction of IMF By during a period of steady IMF Bz southward and Bx…Spatial patterns of diversity in the sea: bryozoan species richness in the North Atlantic
1 January, 2000 by Andrew Clarke
1. We have examined large-scale geographical patterns in species richness for continental shelf bryozoan assemblages in the North Atlantic. Bryozoans are common and often abundant benthic organisms, but they have…The state and future of Mars polar science and exploration
1 January, 2000
As the planet's principal cold traps, the martian polar regions have accumulated extensive mantles of ice and dust that cover individual areas of ∼106 km2 and total as much as…Read more on The state and future of Mars polar science and exploration
Plasmaspheric storm time erosion
1 January, 2000 by Mark Clilverd
Unusually low whistler mode group delay times are observed by VLF Doppler receivers at both Faraday, Antarctica, and Dunedin, New Zealand, following magnetic storms. These are typically caused by plasmaspheric…The ionospheric footprint of antiparallel merging regions on the dayside magnetopause
1 January, 2000 by Michael Pinnock
The antiparallel merging hypothesis states that reconnection takes place on the dayside magnetopause where the solar and geomagnetic fields are oppositely directed. With this criterion, we have mapped the predicted…Read more on The ionospheric footprint of antiparallel merging regions on the dayside magnetopause
Managing fisheries to conserve the Antarctic marine ecosystem: practical implementation of the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
1 January, 2000
We aim to identify the important steps in the evolution of the ecosystem approach to management under the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR). The first…The terrestrial micro-arthropod fauna of the South Sandwich Islands
1 January, 2000 by Peter Convey
The South Sandwich Islands are an isolated maritime Antarctic volcanic island arc 550-600km south-east of South Georgia. The terrestrial biology of the islands, with emphasis on the unique habitats associated…Read more on The terrestrial micro-arthropod fauna of the South Sandwich Islands
The flora of the South Sandwich Islands, with particular reference to the influence of geothermal heating
1 January, 2000 by Dominic Hodgson, Helen Peat, Peter Convey
Aim To carry out as comprehensive a survey as practicable of the flora (higher plants, mosses, liverworts, lichens, basidiomycete fungi and diatoms) of the isolated, volcanically active, South Sandwich Islands…The terrestrial biota of Charcot Island, eastern Bellingshausen Sea, Antarctica: an example of extreme isolation
1 January, 2000 by Helen Peat, Peter Convey
This paper documents the previously undescribed terrestrial fauna (mites, nematodes, tardigrades) and flora (liverworts, mosses and lichens) of Marion Nunataks, Charcot Island (69°45'S 075°15'W). Species diversity in all groups is…Refining the risk of freezing mortality for Antarctic terrestrial microarthropods
1 January, 2000 by Roger Worland, Peter Convey
In studies of three common, freezing susceptible, Antarctic microarthropods, the springtail Cryptopygus antarcticus and the mites Alaskozetes antarcticus and Halozetes belgicae, we report (i) the consequences on cold tolerance of…Read more on Refining the risk of freezing mortality for Antarctic terrestrial microarthropods
Survival of freezing by free-living Antarctic soil nematodes
1 January, 2000 by Roger Worland, Peter Convey
Free-living microbivorous nematodes become numerically dominant in Antarctic terrestrial faunas as environmental conditions become more severe, while also reaching very high levels of abundance in moist, vegetated habitats. Nematodes have…Read more on Survival of freezing by free-living Antarctic soil nematodes
Evolution of taxonomic diversity gradients in the marine realm: evidence from the composition of Recent bivalve faunas
1 January, 2000 by Alistair Crame
A major new inventory of living marine Bivalvia (Mollusca) is based on 29 regional faunas. These again pick out strong latitudinal and longitudinal gradients in taxonomic diversity, but there are…Intrinsic and extrinsic controls on the diversification of the Bivalvia
1 January, 2000 by Alistair Crame
At the present day the Class Bivalvia comprises some 8000 species, sub-divided into approximately 700 genera, 107 families, and 41 superfamilies (Morton, 1996, and references therein). It represents one of…Read more on Intrinsic and extrinsic controls on the diversification of the Bivalvia
The nature and origin of taxonomic diversity gradients in marine bivalves
1 January, 2000 by Alistair Crame
Bivalves have been fundamental in developing the understanding of large-scale biodiversity patterns in the marine realm. A new study based on 29 regional bivalve faunas indicates that both latitudinal and…Read more on The nature and origin of taxonomic diversity gradients in marine bivalves
Fatty acid composition as an indicator of carnivory in Antarctic krill,Euphausia superba
1 January, 2000
In a previous study at South Georgia, carnivory was invoked as a cause of high polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba. To examine this, krill were…Energy balance and cold adaptation in the octopus Pareledone charcoti
1 January, 2000 by Lloyd Peck
A complete energy balance equation is calculated for the Antarctic octopus Pareledone charcoti at 0°C. Energy used in respiration, growth, and excretion of nitrogenous and faecal waste, was recorded along…Read more on Energy balance and cold adaptation in the octopus Pareledone charcoti
Cephalopod diet of the southern elephant seal, Mirounga leonina, at King George Island, South Shetland Islands
1 January, 2000 by Paul Rodhouse
In the summer of 1995/96, 25 southern elephant seals, Mirounga leonina, were stomach lavaged at Stranger Point, King George Island, South Shetland Islands. Cephalopod remains were present in 72% of…Molecular evidence for genetic mixing of Arctic and Antarctic subpolar populations of planktonic foraminifers
1 January, 2000
Bipolarity, the presence of a species in the high latitudes separated by a gap in distribution across the tropics, is a well-known pattern of global species distribution. But the question…A novel miniature confocal microscope/Raman spectrometer system for biomolecular analysis on future Mars missions after Antarctic trials
1 January, 2000
Biomolecules, such as the productive and protective pigments of photosynthetic organisms, are good biomarkers in extreme Antarctic deserts as analogues of early Mars. Laser Raman technology at long wavelengths which…Antarctic Peninsula Late Cretaceous-Early Cenozoic palaeoenvironments and Gondwana palaeogeographies
1 January, 2000
A review is made of stratigraphical, geochemical and palaeogeographical data from the northern Antarctic Peninsula and the Southern Ocean for Late Mesozoic-Early Cenozoic times. Clay mineral and S/total organic C…The non-marine invertebrate fauna of Deception Island (Maritime Antarctic): a baseline for a comprehensive biodiversity database
1 January, 2000 by Peter Convey, Sandra McInnes, Sandra McInnes
A small collection of samples from terrestrial and fresh-water habitats on Deception Island in the Maritime Antarctic South Shetland archipelago yielded 14 invertebrate taxa, including four species, which are new…Profiling cryopreservation protocols for Ribes ciliatum using differential scanning calorimetry
1 January, 2000 by Roger Worland, William Block
DSC analysis was performed at three points in the cryopreservation process on encapsulated-dehydrated meristems of Ribes ciliatum. Meristems were excised from shoots pre-treated with either sucrose or glucose, encapsulated in…