Showing 11876 items
1 August, 2016 by Catharine Horswill, Norman Ratcliffe, Philip Trathan, Richard Phillips
In the open ocean ecosystem, climate and anthropogenic changes have driven biological change at both ends of the food chain. Understanding how the population dynamics of pelagic predators are simultaneously…1 August, 2016 by Jaume Forcada, Michael Thorne
Background Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery is an important goal of many studies. However, the number of ‘putative’ SNPs discovered from a sequence resource may not provide a reliable indication…1 August, 2016 by John Isles, Nigel Meredith, Richard Horne
Relativistic electrons can penetrate spacecraft shielding and can damage satellite components. Spacecraft in medium Earth orbit pass through the heart of the outer radiation belt and may be exposed to…1 August, 2016 by Jaume Forcada
Although the genetic basis of color variation has been extensively studied in humans and domestic animals, the genetic polymorphisms responsible for different color morphs remain to be elucidated in many…1 August, 2016 by Eugene Murphy, Geraint Tarling, Gabriele Stowasser, Peter Enderlein, Sophie Fielding
The ocean’s biological carbon pump plays a central role in regulating atmospheric CO2 levels. In particular, the depth at which sinking organic carbon is broken down and respired in the…1 August, 2016 by David Pearce, Peter Convey
Planococcus kocurii ATCC 43650T is a halotolerant and psychrotolerant bacterium isolated from the skin of a North sea cod. Here, we present the first complete genome and annotation of P.…1 August, 2016 by Andrew Orr
The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) instrument on board the ESA Envisat satellite operated from July 2002 until April 2012. The infrared limb emission measurements represent a unique…1 August, 2016 by Richard Phillips
Upwelling regions are highly productive habitats targeted by wide-ranging marine predators and industrial fisheries. In this study, we track the migratory movements of eight seabird species from across the Atlantic;…26 July, 2016 by David Newnham, Tracy Moffat-Griffin
Meteorological and atmospheric models are being extended up to 80 km altitude but there are very few observing techniques that can measure stratospheric–mesospheric winds at altitudes between 20 and 80 km to…15 July, 2016 by David Vaughan, Michael Meredith, Paul Holland
In recent decades, hundreds of glaciers draining the Antarctic Peninsula (63° to 70°S) have undergone systematic and progressive change. These changes are widely attributed to rapid increases in regional surface…Read more on Ocean forcing of glacier retreat in the western Antarctic Peninsula
15 July, 2016 by Paul Holland
In recent decades, Antarctic sea ice has expanded slightly while Arctic sea ice has contracted dramatically. The anthropogenic contribution to these changes cannot be fully assessed unless climate models are…Read more on Observed concentration budgets of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice
14 July, 2016 by Fausto Ferraccioli
Magnetic anomalies associated with new ocean crust formation in the Adare Basin off north-western Ross Sea (43 – 26 Ma) can be traced directly into the Northern Basin that underlies the…Read more on Synchronous oceanic spreading and continental rifting in West Antarctica
6 July, 2016 by Eric Wolff
Relief of iron (Fe) limitation in the surface Southern Ocean has been suggested as one driver of the regular glacial-interglacial cycles in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). The proposed cause is…6 July, 2016 by Amelie Kirchgaessner
The SPectrometer for Ice Nuclei (SPIN) is a commercially available ice nucleating particle (INP) counter manufactured by Droplet Measurement Technologies in Boulder, CO. The SPIN is a continuous flow diffusion…Read more on The SPectrometer for Ice Nuclei (SPIN): an instrument to investigate ice nucleation
1 July, 2016
The remarkable rescue of Shackleton's men from Elephant Island, after the sinking of Endurance, and from Ross Island, has been recounted many times by both participants and historians. There has…1 July, 2016 by Jennifer Jackson, Michael Dunn, Richard Phillips, Stacey Adlard
The southern giant petrel (Macronectes giganteus) has a circumpolar distribution and breeds on subantarctic islands and a few continental Antarctic sites. Although this species has recently been down-listed to “Least…1 July, 2016 by Hilmar Gudmundsson, Paul Holland, Pierre Mathiot
Coupled ice sheet-ocean models capable of simulating moving grounding lines are just becoming available. Such models have a broad range of potential applications in studying the dynamics of marine ice…1 July, 2016 by Jaume Forcada, Michael Thorne, Philip Trathan
Custom genotyping arrays provide a flexible and accurate means of genotyping single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a large number of individuals of essentially any organism. However, validation rates, defined as…1 July, 2016 by Vsevolod Afanasyev
Scaly-sided Mergansers Mergus squamatus breed on freshwater rivers in Far East Russia, Korea, and China, wintering on similar habitat in China and Korea, but information on their post-breeding moulting habitats…1 July, 2016 by Dominic Hodgson, Peter Convey
The stable isotope compositions of moss tissue water (δ2H and δ18O) and cellulose (δ13C and δ18O), and testate amoebae populations were sampled from 61 contemporary surface samples along a 600-km…1 July, 2016 by Anna Jones, Markus Frey, Neil Brough
Surface ozone has been measured since 2004 at the coastal East Antarctic site of Dumont d'Urville (DDU), and since 2007 at the Concordia station located on the high East Antarctic…1 July, 2016 by Thomas Bracegirdle
Polar lows are intense mesoscale cyclones that occur at high latitudes in both hemispheres during winter. Their sometimes evidently convective nature, fueled by strong surface fluxes and with cloud-free centers,…1 July, 2016 by Hua Lu, Ingrid Cnossen
We study the effects of changes in the Earth's magnetic field between 1900 and 2000 on the whole atmosphere (0–500 km altitude), based on simulations with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate…1 July, 2016 by Robert Mulvaney
Atmospheric nuclear weapons testing (NWT) resulted in the injection of plutonium (Pu) into the atmosphere and subsequent global deposition. We present a new method for continuous semi-quantitative measurement of 239Pu…Read more on A method for continuous239Pu determinations in Arctic and Antarctic ice cores
1 July, 2016 by Iain Staniland
Sexual segregation in habitat use is widely reported in many taxa and can profoundly influence the distribution and behaviour of animals. However, our knowledge of the mechanisms driving sexual segregation…1 July, 2016 by Janet Silk, Michelle King, Richard Phillips, Thomas Clay, Thomas Clay
At-sea movements and activity patterns of brown skuas Stercorarius antarcticus lonnbergi from South Georgia were analysed in 2 winters, a decade apart, to examine the degree of consistency in migration…1 July, 2016 by Janet Silk, Louise Ireland, Richard Phillips, Thomas Clay, Thomas Clay
Many animals partition resources to avoid competition, and in colonially-breeding species this often leads to divergent space or habitat use. During the non-breeding season, foraging constraints are relaxed, yet the…Read more on Proximate drivers of spatial segregation in non-breeding albatrosses
1 July, 2016 by Mervyn Freeman
Substorms are fundamental and dynamic processes in the magnetosphere, converting captured solar wind magnetic energy into plasma energy. These substorms have been suggested to be a key driver of energetic…Read more on What effect do substorms have on the content of the radiation belts?
1 July, 2016 by Iain Staniland
Understanding the causes of population decline is crucial for conservation management. We therefore used genetic analysis both to provide baseline data on population structure and to evaluate hypotheses for the…1 July, 2016 by Gareth Marshall, Hua Lu, Ian White, Scott Hosking, John King, John Turner, Pranab Deb, Robert Mulvaney, Thomas Bracegirdle, Tony Phillips
Since the 1950s, research stations on the Antarctic Peninsula have recorded some of the largest increases in near-surface air temperature in the Southern Hemisphere1. This warming has contributed to the…1 July, 2016 by Liz Thomas
In this study, 3265 multiyear averaged in situ observations and 29 observational records at annual time scale are used to examine the performance of recent reanalysis and regional atmospheric climate…22 June, 2016 by Paul Holland
Ocean overturning circulation requires a continuous thermodynamic transformation of the buoyancy of seawater. The steeply sloping isopycnals of the Southern Ocean provide a pathway for Circumpolar Deep Water to upwell…15 June, 2016 by Iain Staniland
Individuals within populations often differ substantially in habitat use, the ecological consequences of which can be far reaching. Stable isotope analysis provides a convenient and often cost effective means of…14 June, 2016 by Philip Trathan
Defining reliable demographic models is essential to understand the threats of ongoing environmental change. Yet, in the most remote and threatened areas, models are often based on the survey of…Read more on Full circumpolar migration ensures evolutionary unity in the Emperor penguin
1 June, 2016 by Jonathan Watkins, Sophie Fielding
A fishery for Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) has existed for over 3 decades and the Commission for Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) manages this fishery using precautionary catch…1 June, 2016 by Andrew Wood, Richard Phillips
The population of wandering albatrosses Diomedea exulans at South Georgia is decreasing because of bycatch in longline fisheries. Until at least the early 1990s, the survival rate of females was…1 June, 2016 by Huw Griffiths
Aim To describe the distribution of biodiversity and biogeographical patterns of intertidal organisms in southern temperate and polar waters. We hypothesized that there would be differences in community structure between…1 June, 2016 by Cheryl Knowland, Rachel Cavanagh, Simeon Hill, Susie Grant
Information about stakeholder aspirations is a fundamental requirement for ecosystem-based management, but the detail is often elusive, and debates may focus on simplistic opposing positions. This is exemplified by the…Read more on Stakeholder perspectives on ecosystem-based management of the Antarctic krill fishery
1 June, 2016 by Philip Trathan
The chemical breakdown of marine derived reactive nitrogen transported to the land as seabird guano represents a significant source of ammonia (NH3) in areas far from other NH3 sources. Measurements…Read more on Measurement of ammonia emissions from temperate and sub-polar seabird colonies
1 June, 2016 by Melody Clark, Victoria Sleight
Mya truncata, a soft shell clam, is presented as a new model to study biomineralization through a proteomics approach. In this study, the shell and mantle tissue were analysed in…1 June, 2016 by Melody Clark, Tejaswi Yarra
The mantle is an organ common to all molluscs and is at the forefront of the biomineralisation process. The present study used the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) as a model…1 June, 2016 by Philip Trathan, Richard Phillips
It is a golden age for animal movement studies and so an opportune time to assess priorities for future work. We assembled 40 experts to identify key questions in this…Read more on Key Questions in Marine Megafauna Movement Ecology
1 June, 2016 by Alistair Crame, Jane Francis, Kevin Hughes
The prohibition of commercial mineral resource extraction through the Antarctic Treaty System has removed one significant source of potential damage to Antarctica's geological and geomorphological values. However, given the on-going…Read more on Antarctic geoconservation: a review of current systems and practices
1 June, 2016 by David Barnes
This study explores the abundance, diversity and assemblage structure of epifauna on the shells used by two hermit crab species (Pagurus bernhardus and P. pubescens) in the Arctic (Svalbard and…Read more on Factors affecting biodiversity on hermit crab shells
1 June, 2016 by Peter Convey
Traits of primary producers associated with tissue quality are commonly assumed to have strong control over higher trophic levels. However, this view is largely based on studies of vascular plants,…Read more on Impact of marine vertebrates on Antarctic terrestrial micro-arthropods
1 June, 2016 by Dave Munday
Observed and predicted increases in Southern Ocean winds are thought to upwell deep ocean carbon and increase atmospheric CO2. However, Southern Ocean dynamics affect biogeochemistry and circulation pathways on a…Read more on The influence of Southern Ocean winds on the North Atlantic carbon sink
1 June, 2016 by Povl Abrahamsen, Keith Nicholls
In August 2010, a 253 km2 ice island calved from the floating glacial tongue of Petermann Glacier in Northwest Greenland. Petermann Ice Island (PII)-B, a large fragment of this original…1 June, 2016 by Lloyd Peck
Aim There is a general paradigm that marine predation pressure increases towards the tropics and decreases with depth. However, data demonstrating global trends are generally lacking. Rhynchonelliform brachiopods inhabit all…Read more on Latitudinal and depth gradients in marine predation pressure
1 June, 2016 by Mark Clilverd
Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are believed to be an important source of pitch angle scattering driven relativistic electron loss from the radiation belts. To date, investigations of this precipitation…Read more on Confirmation of EMIC wave driven relativistic electron precipitation
1 June, 2016 by Adrian Jenkins
Ocean-forced basal melting has been implicated in the widespread thinning of Antarctic ice shelves, but our understanding of what determines melt rates is hampered by our limited knowledge of the…Read more on A simple model of the ice-shelf-ocean boundary layer and current
1 June, 2016 by Andrew Orr
The glaciers within the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE), West Antarctica, are amongst the most rapidly retreating in Antarctica. Meteorological reanalysis products are widely used to help understand and simulate the…1 June, 2016 by Michael Meredith
The Southern Ocean is riddled with mesoscale eddies. Although just a few km in size, these loops and vortices are key parts of the climate system, and are important in…Read more on Understanding the structure of changes in the Southern Ocean eddy field
1 June, 2016 by Rob Shore
We perform a reanalysis of hourly mean magnetic data from ground-based observatories spanning 1997-2009 inclusive, in order to isolate (after removal of core and crustal field estimates) the spatiotemporal morphology…Read more on Decadal period external magnetic field variations determined via eigenanalysis
1 June, 2016 by Claire Tancell, Richard Phillips
Tracking of seabirds at sea is valuable for marine spatial planning. Many seabirds are of conservation concern, including albatrosses and large petrels (Procellariiformes) which face a major threat from mortality…1 June, 2016 by Steve Colwell
Determining the timing and impact of anthropogenic climate change in data-sparse regions is a considerable challenge. Arguably, nowhere is this more difficult than the Antarctic Peninsula and the subantarctic South…1 June, 2016 by Lloyd Peck, Melody Clark, Tejaswi Yarra
The calcareous shells secreted by bivalve molluscs display diverse and species specific structural compositions, which indicates possible divergent biomineralization processes. Thus, studying multiple mollusc species will provide a more comprehensive…29 May, 2016 by Sally Thorpe
Polar oceans are particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification due to their low temperatures and reduced buffering capacity, and are expected to experience extensive low pH conditions and reduced carbonate mineral…28 May, 2016 by Liz Thomas
Antarctic sea ice has been increasing in recent decades, but with strong regional differences in the expression of sea ice change. Declining sea ice in the Bellingshausen Sea since 1979…Read more on Ice core reconstruction of sea ice change in the Amundsen-Ross Seas since 1702 A.D.
27 May, 2016 by Michael Thorne, Melody Clark
Background Flatfish metamorphosis denotes the extraordinary transformation of a symmetric pelagic larva into an asymmetric benthic juvenile. Metamorphosis in vertebrates is driven by thyroid hormones (THs), but how they orchestrate…26 May, 2016 by Alistair Crame, Jane Francis, Rowan Whittle, Vanessa Bowman
Debate continues about the nature of the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) mass extinction event. An abrupt crisis triggered by a bolide impact contrasts with ideas of a more gradual extinction involving flood…19 May, 2016 by Keith Nicholls
Hauling out is an essential component of pinniped life-history. Haul-out behaviour may be affected by biological (e.g. sex, age and condition) and physical factors (e.g. food availability and environmental conditions),…16 May, 2016 by Thomas Bracegirdle
Climate models are the main tool for making quantitative estimates of how Antarctic climate may change over the 21st century. There is high agreement on some aspects of the predictions…Read more on Predicting Antarctic climate using climate models
16 May, 2016 by Clara Manno, Geraint Tarling, Victoria Peck
The effects of ocean acidification (OA) on the early recruitment of pteropods in the Scotia Sea, was investigated considering the process of spawning, quality of the spawned eggs and their…Read more on Pteropod eggs released at high pCO2 lack resilience to ocean acidification
16 May, 2016 by Hilmar Gudmundsson, Sebastian Rosier
The flow of many Antarctic ice streams is known to be significantly influenced by tides. In the past, modeling studies have implemented the tidal forces acting on a coupled ice…1 May, 2016
The migration of the great snipe Gallinago media was previously poorly known. Three tracks in 2010 suggested a remarkable migratory behaviour including long and fast overland non-stop flights (Klaassen et…1 May, 2016 by Clara Manno, Geraint Tarling, Victoria Peck
Scarred shells of polar pteropod Limacina helicina collected from the Greenland Sea in June 2012 reveal a history of damage, most likely failed predation, in earlier life stages. Evidence of…1 May, 2016 by Anna Belcher, Clara Manno, Geraint Tarling
Fecal pellets (FP) are a key component of the biological carbon pump, as they can, under some circumstances, efficiently transfer carbon to depth. Like other forms of particulate organic carbon…1 May, 2016 by Geraint Tarling, Natalie Ensor, Peter Ward, Victoria Peck
The polar oceans are experiencing some of the largest levels of ocean acidification (OA) resulting from the uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2). Our understanding of the impacts this is…1 May, 2016 by Katrin Linse
Despite increased research over the last decade, diversity patterns in Antarctic deep-sea benthic taxa and their driving forces are only marginally known. Depth-related patterns of diversity and distribution of isopods…1 May, 2016 by Kevin Newsham
Antarctica's extreme environment and geographical isolation offers a useful platform for testing the relative roles of environmental selection and dispersal barriers influencing fungal communities. The former process should lead to…1 May, 2016 by Kelly Hogan
Previous advances and retreats of Blomstrandbreen within the cold period known as the Little Ice Age, between approximately 1400 and 1920, are relatively well documented. The seafloor characteristics associated with…1 May, 2016 by Dag Arne Lorentzen, Lisa Baddeley
Structured particle precipitation in the cusp is an important source for the generation of F-region ionospheric irregularities. The equatorward boundaries of broad Doppler spectral width in Super Dual Auroral Radar…Read more on F-region ionosphere effects on the mapping accuracy of SuperDARN HF radar echoes
1 May, 2016 by Hilmar Gudmundsson, Jan De Rydt
Recent observations and modeling work have shown a complex mechanical coupling between Antarctica's floating ice shelves and the adjacent grounded ice sheet. A prime example is Pine Island Glacier, West…Read more on Coupled ice shelf-ocean modeling and complex grounding line retreat from a seabed ridge
1 May, 2016 by Andrew Meijers
An enhanced Altimetry Gravest Empirical Mode (AGEM), including both adiabatic and diabatic trends, is developed for the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) south of Africa using updated hydrographic CTD sections, Argo…Read more on Decadal-scale thermohaline variability in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean
1 May, 2016 by Martin Black, Teal Riley
Rare earth elements (REEs) generate characteristic absorption features in visible to shortwave infrared (VNIR-SWIR) reflectance spectra. Neodymium (Nd) has among the most prominent absorption features of the REEs and thus…1 May, 2016 by Kevin Hughes
The Ardley Cove area (located on the Maxwell Bay shoreline, Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica) is characterized not only by its high biodiversity, but also by a high density…1 May, 2016 by Richard Phillips
Niche divergence is expected for species that compete for shared resources, including migrants that occupy similar regions during the non-breeding season. Studies of temperate seabirds indicate that both spatial and…27 April, 2016 by Lloyd Peck
Most Southern Ocean life is specifically adapted to the unique Antarctic environment. This extensive region is characterized by low temperature, a glaciated coastline and distinct seasonality in sea-ice cover, light…Read more on Vulnerability of Southern Ocean biota to climate change
25 April, 2016 by Anje-Margriet Neutel, David Barnes
For more than a century ecologists have considered that competitive interactions between species are more intense at low latitudes 1 and 2. This is frequently invoked as either an explanation…Read more on Severity of seabed spatial competition decreases towards the poles
16 April, 2016 by Gareth Marshall
We investigate the impact that the four principal large-scale patterns of Southern Hemisphere (SH) atmospheric circulation variability have on Antarctic surface air temperature (SAT): (1) the southern baroclinic annular mode…14 April, 2016 by Peter Convey
Despite recent advances in polar marine biology and related fields, many aspects of the ecological interactions that are crucial for the functioning of Antarctic shallow water habitats remain poorly understood.…6 April, 2016 by Andy Smith, Ed King, Hamish Pritchard
We present a digital elevation model of the bed of Rutford Ice Stream, Antarctica, derived from radio-echo sounding data. The data cover an 18 × 40 km area immediately upstream of the grounding…1 April, 2016 by Gareth Marshall, Scott Hosking, John Turner, Thomas Bracegirdle, Tony Phillips
We investigate the relationship between atmospheric circulation variability and the recent trends in Antarctic sea ice extent (SIE) using Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) atmospheric data, ECMWF Interim…1 April, 2016 by Richard Phillips
Individuals within populations can use different resources, leading to ecological segregation and niche variation. This segregation could have direct impacts on the migratory strategy or breeding success, thus affecting the…1 April, 2016 by Richard Phillips
In this study, we investigate the numbers, productivity and territory distribution of the two species of skuas (brown Stercorarius lonnbergi and south polar Stercorarius maccormicki) breeding at Signy Island, South…1 April, 2016 by Dominic Hodgson, Stephen Roberts
Prydz Bay is one of the largest embayments on the East Antarctic coast and it is the discharge point for approximately 16 % of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. Geological…Read more on Rapid early Holocene sea-level rise in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica
1 April, 2016 by Richard Phillips
Aim Enhanced management of areas important for marine biodiversity are now obligations under a range of international treaties. Tracking data provide unparalleled information on the distribution of marine taxa, but…1 April, 2016 by Andrew Fleming, Martin Black, Peter Fretwell, Teal Riley
The thermal infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum has considerable potential for mineral and lithological mapping of the most abundant rock-forming silicates that do not display diagnostic features at visible…1 April, 2016 by Alexander Brearley
Despite the major role played by mesoscale eddies in redistributing the energy of the large-scale circulation, our understanding of their dissipation is still incomplete. This study investigates the generation of…1 April, 2016 by David Pearce
In this study, which was carried out within the ChEsSO consortium project (Chemosynthetically driven ecosystems south of the Polar Front), we sampled two hydrothermal vent sites on the East Scotia…1 April, 2016
In migratory animals, protandry (earlier arrival of males on the breeding grounds) prevails over protogyny (females preceding males). In theory, sex differences in timing of arrival should be driven by…1 April, 2016 by Geraint Tarling, Helen Peat, Simeon Hill, Sophie Fielding
The ability of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba Dana to withstand the overwintering period is critical to their success. Laboratory evidence suggests that krill may shrink in body length during this…Read more on Growth and shrinkage in Antarctic krill Euphausia superba is sex-dependent
1 April, 2016 by Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand
The spatial pattern and morphometry of bedforms and their relationship to sediment thickness have been analysed in the Marguerite Bay Palaeo-ice stream Trough, western Antarctic Peninsula. Over 17 000 glacial…