Found 14065 items
1 November, 2021 by Peter Convey
We evaluated fungal and bacterial diversity in an established moss carpet on King George Island, Antarctica, affected by ‘fairy ring’ disease using metabarcoding. A total of 127 fungal and 706…
1 November, 2021 by Philip Trathan
Delimiting recently diverged species is challenging. During speciation, genetic differentiation may be distributed unevenly across the genome, as different genomic regions can be subject to different selective pressures and evolutionary…1 November, 2021 by Dominic Hodgson
Inter-hemispheric asynchrony of climate change through the last deglaciation has been theoretically linked to latitudinal shifts in the southern westerlies via their influence over CO2 out-gassing from the Southern Ocean.…Read more on Northward shift of the southern westerlies during the Antarctic Cold Reversal
1 November, 2021 by Liz Thomas
Recognition of how dynamic the Antarctic ice sheets and glaciers were during the late Holocene has grown in recent years. Proxy data suggests the presence of Neoglacial advances but few…1 November, 2021 by Lloyd Peck, Melody Clark
The classical heat shock response (HSR) with up-regulation of hsp70 in response to warming is often absent in Antarctic marine species. Whilst in Antarctic fish, this is due to a…Read more on Variable heat shock response in Antarctic biofouling serpulid worms
1 November, 2021 by Gareth Chisham, Mervyn Freeman
Measurements of vorticity in the Earth’s ionosphere enable the characterisation of turbulent structure in the ionospheric plasma flow and how it varies spatially in relation to large-scale magnetic field-aligned current…
1 November, 2021 by Teal Riley
Understanding the tectonic framework of the Antarctic Peninsula is hindered by a paucity of paleomagnetic data from key locations. In this study, we present paleomagnetic data from the South Shetland…
1 November, 2021 by Peter Convey
Since the nineteenth century, a ring-forming disease attacking Antarctic mosses has been reported. However, to date, only the effects on the mosses themselves are known. In this study, we used…1 November, 2021 by Alex Burton-Johnson
Tsikouras et al. (2021) interpret Miocene zircon U-Pb ages from ophiolitic rocks in Sabah, Malaysia, as magmatic ages related to southwest propagation of Sulu Sea spreading into onshore Borneo, even…1 November, 2021 by Thomas Caton Harrison
Low-level jets (LLJs) drive frequent emission of mineral dust in the central and western Sahara in boreal summer. A major hotspot for this process is central Algeria, northern Mali and…1 November, 2021 by Simon Morley
The global lockdown to mitigate COVID-19 pandemic health risks has altered human interactions with nature. Here, we report immediate impacts of changes in human activities on wildlife and environmental threats…1 November, 2021 by John King, Steve Colwell
Two reports of Antarctic region potential new record high temperature observations (18.3 degrees C, 6 February 2020 at Esperanza station and 20.8 degrees C, 9 February 2020 at a Brazilian…
29 October, 2021 by Richard Phillips
The conservation of migratory marine species, including pelagic seabirds, is challenging because their movements span vast distances frequently beyond national jurisdictions. Here, we aim to identify important aggregations of seabirds…Read more on Multispecies tracking reveals a major seabird hotspot in the North Atlantic
29 October, 2021 by Anne-Sophie Bonnet-Lebrun, Richard Phillips
Every year, billions of birds undertake extensive migrations between breeding and non-breeding areas, facing challenges that require behavioural adjustments, particularly to flight timing and duration. Such adjustments in daily activity…29 October, 2021 by Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand
The importance of Antarctic sea ice and Southern Ocean warming has come into the focus of polar research during the last couple of decades. Especially around West Antarctica, where warm…
27 October, 2021 by Markus Frey
To fully decipher the role of nitrate photolysis on the atmospheric oxidative capacity in snow-covered regions, NOx flux must be determined with more precision than existing estimates. Here, we introduce…Read more on New estimation of the NOx snow-source on the Antarctic Plateau
27 October, 2021 by Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand
Technological advances in the study and dating of both land and marine glacial geologic features, combined with both glaciological and post-glacial isostatic rebound modelling, have developed knowledge and understanding of…Read more on Antarctic Ice Sheet changes since the Last Glacial Maximum
22 October, 2021 by David Vaughan
The Amundsen Sea Embayment of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet contains Thwaites and Pine Island Glaciers, two of the most rapidly changing glaciers in Antarctica. To date, Pine Island and…22 October, 2021 by David Barnes
Seamounts and oceanic islands rise from the seafloor and provide suitable habitat for a diverse range of biological assemblages including Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems (VMEs). Whilst they have been the focus…Read more on Benthic assemblage composition of South Atlantic seamounts
22 October, 2021 by Pierre Dutrieux
The spatial distribution of ocean-induced melting beneath buttressing ice shelves is often cited as an important factor controlling Antarctica’s sea-level contribution. Using numerical simulations, we investigate the relative sensitivity of…Read more on Ocean-induced melt volume directly paces ice loss from Pine Island Glacier
21 October, 2021 by Hugh Corr, Irena Vankova, Keith Nicholls
In-situ phase-sensitive radar measurements from the Ronne Ice Shelf (RIS) reveal evidence of intermittent basal accretion periods at several sites that are melting in the long-term mean. Periods when ice…
19 October, 2021 by Robert Mulvaney
We present an ice-penetrating radar data set which consists of 26 internal reflecting horizons (IRHs) that cover the entire Dome C area of the East Antarctic plateau, the most extensive…
19 October, 2021 by Alison Cleary, Jaume Forcada
Ice is one of the most important drivers of population dynamics in polar organisms, influencing the locations, sizes, and connectivity of populations. Antarctic fur seals, Arctocephalus gazella, are particularly interesting…19 October, 2021 by Adrian Jenkins, Antony Siahaan, Paul Holland
The physical interactions between ice sheets and the atmosphere and ocean around them are major factors in determining the state of the climate system, yet many current Earth System models…
19 October, 2021 by Victoria Peck
The Antarctic Cold Reversal (ACR; 14.7 to 13 thousand years ago; ka) phase of the last deglaciation saw a pause in the rise of atmospheric CO2 and Antarctic temperature, that…
19 October, 2021 by Peter Convey
In the harsh Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems, invertebrates are currently confined to sparse and restricted ice free areas, where they have survived on multi-million-year timescales in refugia. The limited dispersal abilities…Read more on Overlooked species diversity and distribution in the Antarctic mite genus Stereotydeus
18 October, 2021 by Adrian Fox, Laura Gerrish
Antarctica’s Pole of Inaccessibility (Southern Pole of Inaccessibility: SPI) is the point on the Antarctic continent farthest from its edge. Existing literature exhibits disagreement over its location. Using two revisions…
14 October, 2021 by Richard Phillips
Species breeding at high latitudes face a significant challenge of surviving the winter. Such conditions are particularly severe for diurnal marine endotherms such as seabirds. A critical question is therefore…
14 October, 2021 by Eugene Murphy, Jennifer Jackson, Philip Trathan, Sophie Fielding
Following the cessation of whaling, South Atlantic populations of humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae) and some other baleen whale species are recovering, but there has been limited monitoring of their recovery in…14 October, 2021 by Eugene Murphy, Nadine Johnston, Simeon Hill
Globally important services are supported by Southern Ocean ecosystems, underpinned by the structure, function, and dynamics of complex interconnected and regionally distinctive food webs. These food webs vary in response…11 October, 2021 by Oliver Marsh
Tidal modulation of ice streams and their adjacent ice shelves is a real-world experiment to understand ice-dynamic processes. We observe the dynamics of Priestley Glacier, Antarctica, using Terrestrial Radar Interferometry…8 October, 2021
Ground-based remote sensing of atmospheric parameters is often limited to single station observations by vertical profiles at a certain geographic location. This is a limiting factor for investigating gravity wave…
7 October, 2021 by Robert Mulvaney
New Zealand was among the last habitable places on earth to be colonized by humans. Charcoal records indicate that wildfires were rare prior to colonization and widespread following the 13th-…Read more on Hemispheric black carbon increase after the 13th-century Māori arrival in New Zealand
5 October, 2021 by Katrin Linse
During RV MS Merian expedition MSM75, an international, multidisciplinary team explored the Reykjanes Ridge from June to August 2018. The first area of study, Steinahóll (150–350 m depth), was chosen…5 October, 2021 by Huw Griffiths
Southern Ocean ecosystems offer numerous benefits to human society and the global environment, and maintaining them requires well-informed and effective ecosystem-based management. Up to date and accurate information is needed…5 October, 2021 by Richard Horne
The plasmasphere is a vast torus shape region of the inner magnetosphere, filled with dense (∼1−106#/cm−3) and cold (less than 10eV) ions and electrons. The outer boundary of the plasmasphere,…4 October, 2021 by Richard Horne
Microbursts, short-lived but intense electron precipitation observed by low-Earth-orbiting satellites, may contribute significantly to the losses of energetic electrons in the outer radiation belt. Their origin is likely due to…Read more on Electron microbursts induced by nonducted chorus waves
1 October, 2021 by John Turner, Kevin Hughes, Peter Convey
Antarctica is increasingly vulnerable to climate change impacts, with the continent predicted to warm by ∼4 °C by 2100 under a ‘business as usual’ greenhouse gas emission scenario. Simultaneously, human…1 October, 2021
With the advent of chromatin-interaction maps, chromosome-level genome assemblies have become a reality for a wide range of organisms. Scaffolding quality is, however, difficult to judge. To explore this gap,…
1 October, 2021 by Eugene Murphy
Climate change alters the extent and structure of sea-ice environments, which affects how they function as a habitat for polar species. Identifying sea-ice characteristics that serve as indicators of habitat…
1 October, 2021 by Thomas Bracegirdle
Stationary wave changes play a significant role in the regional climate change response in Southern Hemisphere (SH) winter. In particular, almost all CMIP5 models feature a substantial strengthening of the…Read more on Tropical and subtropical forcing of future Southern Hemisphere stationary wave changes
1 October, 2021 by Peter Convey
The few Antarctic studies to date to have applied metabarcoding in Antarctica have primarily focused on microorganisms. In this study, for the first time, we apply high-throughput sequencing of environmental…1 October, 2021 by Anne-Sophie Bonnet-Lebrun, Iain Staniland, Kayleigh Jones, Norman Ratcliffe
Sexual segregation, the differential space, habitat or resource use by males and females, can have profound implications for conservation, as one sex may be more vulnerable to environmental and anthropogenic…Read more on Sexual segregation in juvenile Antarctic fur seals
1 October, 2021 by Rowan Whittle
King George Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula) is renowned for its terrestrial palaeoenvironmental record, which includes evidence for potentially up to four Cenozoic glacial periods. An advantage of the…
1 October, 2021 by Philip Trathan, Peter Fretwell
Species extinction risk is accelerating due to anthropogenic climate change, making it urgent to protect vulnerable species through legal frameworks in order to facilitate conservation actions that help mitigate risk.…
1 October, 2021 by Alex Burton-Johnson, Kelly Hogan, Philip Leat, Teal Riley
The ancestral South Sandwich arc (ASSA) records evidence of Oligocene – Miocene intra-oceanic island arc volcanism in the central Scotia Sea and potentially formed an important topographic barrier to deep…
1 October, 2021 by Richard Phillips
The use of miniaturized electronic tracking devices has illuminated our understanding of seabird distributions and habitat use, and how anthropogenic threats interact with seabirds in both space and time. To…
1 October, 2021 by Mark Clilverd, Nigel Meredith, Richard Horne, Sarah Glauert
The high energy electron population in Earth’s outer radiation belt is extremely variable, changing by multiple orders of magnitude on timescales that vary from under an hour to several weeks.…1 October, 2021 by Anna Jones, Kevin Hughes, Michael Meredith, Mervyn Freeman, Nadine Johnston, Peter Convey
• The Antarctic region has been experiencing rapid change in recent decades due to human induced factors. Most notably, climate heating is causing ice sheet melting, leading to sea level…1 October, 2021 by Florian Mekhaldi, Julius Rix, Robert Mulvaney
Ice cores are excellent archives for obtaining long and continuous 10Be records. However, traditional ice core 10Be measurements required a lot of ice (0.5–1kg) and often needed to be connected…Read more on The potential for a continuous 10Be record measured on ice chips from a borehole
1 October, 2021 by Jane Francis
The global reach of the COVID-19 pandemic threatened Antarctic activities, even though the continent is isolated and remote. Members of the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs (COMNAP) quickly…1 October, 2021 by Dominic Hodgson, Fausto Ferraccioli, Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand, Lara Perez Miguel, Richard Hindmarsh, Robert Larter, Richard Hindmarsh
The legacy of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research’s (SCAR) PAIS strategic research programme includes not only breakthrough scientific discoveries, but it is also the story of a long-standing deep…Read more on Past Antarctic ice sheet dynamics (PAIS) and implications for future sea-level change
1 October, 2021 by Jane Francis
Antarctica underwent a complex evolution over the course of the Cenozoic, which influenced the history of the Earth’s climate system. The Eocene-Oligocene boundary is a divide of this history when…Read more on The Eocene-Oligocene boundary climate transition: an Antarctic perspective
1 October, 2021 by Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand, Lara Perez Miguel, Robert Larter
The past three decades have seen a sustained and coordinated effort to refine the seismic stratigraphic framework of the Antarctic margin that has underpinned the development of numerous geological drilling…Read more on Cenozoic history of Antarctic glaciation and climate from onshore and offshore studies
1 October, 2021 by Lara Perez Miguel
The Miocene to Pliocene (Neogene) occurred between 23.04 and 2.58 million years ago and includes intervals of peak global warmth where Earth’s average surface temperature was up to 8℃ warmer…
30 September, 2021 by Nigel Meredith, Richard Horne, Sarah Glauert
Energetic particle fluxes in the outer magnetosphere present a significant challenge to modeling efforts as they can vary by orders of magnitude in response to solar wind driving conditions. In…30 September, 2021 by Chester Sands
Ecological studies that enhance our understanding of the structure and function of the natural world rely heavily on accurate species identification. With rapid sample accumulation and declining taxonomic expertise, cladistics,…30 September, 2021 by Anna Belcher, Gabriele Stowasser, Ryan Saunders
Myctophids (Family Myctophidae, commonly known as the lanternfishes) are critical components of open ocean food webs and an important part of the ocean biological carbon pump, as many species actively…
23 September, 2021 by Jennifer Jackson
The Indian Ocean humpback dolphin Sousa plumbea has been described as South Africa’s most endangered marine mammal due to its low abundance, reliance on coastal habitats with increasing anthropogenic threats…22 September, 2021 by Eugene Murphy, Philip Trathan, Sophie Fielding
Estimates of the distribution and density of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana, 1850) were derived from a large-scale survey conducted during the austral summer in the Southwest Atlantic sector of…22 September, 2021 by Lloyd Peck, Rebecca De Leij
Ecosystems and their biota operate on cyclic rhythms, often entrained by predictable, small-scale changes in their natural environment. Recording and understanding these rhythms can detangle the effect of human induced…20 September, 2021 by Claire Waluda
Microplastics (< 5mm in size) is known to be widespread in the marine environment, but it is still poorly studied in Polar Regions, particularly in the Antarctic. As penguins have…17 September, 2021
Long-term and continuous observations of mesospheric-lower thermospheric winds are rare, but they are important to investigate climatological changes at these altitudes on timescales of several years, covering a solar cycle…17 September, 2021 by Alexander Brearley, Michael Meredith
This chapter gives an overview of recent advances in in situ observations of ocean mixing. It starts by providing a brief history of measuring ocean mixing. It then describes adaptations…17 September, 2021 by Michael Meredith
Ocean mixing exerts a fundamental influence across many elements of the Earth system, including circulation, planetary-scale climate and the ecosystem. Despite wide recognition of this importance today, research into ocean…16 September, 2021 by Michael Meredith
Ocean Mixing: Drivers, Mechanisms and Impacts contains a broad perspective on the causes of ocean mixing, with a perspective on the implications, in terms of governing ocean circulation, climate, biogeochemistry…
15 September, 2021 by Tracy Moffat-Griffin
Climatological structure of the quasi-2-day wave (Q2DW) at middle latitudes in temperature and horizontal winds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) was compared between the northern and southern hemispheres.…
15 September, 2021 by Bianca Perren, Dominic Hodgson
Despite evidence for microbial endemism, an understanding of the impact of geological and paleoclimate events on the evolution of regional protist communities remains elusive. Here, we provide insights into the…Read more on Extinction of austral diatoms in response to large-scale climate dynamics in Antarctica
10 September, 2021
In species that live in family groups, such as cooperative breeders, inbreeding is usually avoided through the recognition of familiar kin. For example, individuals may avoid mating with conspecifics encountered…
10 September, 2021 by Lloyd Peck, Michael Meredith, Melody Clark
A long-standing paradox of marine populations is chaotic genetic patchiness (CGP), temporally unstable patterns of genetic differentiation that occur below the geographic scale of effective dispersal. Several mechanisms are hypothesized…9 September, 2021 by Emma Young
Quantifying the level of population connectivity within and between geographically separated single-species deep-water fisheries stocks will be vital for designing effective management plans to preserve such populations. Despite this, stock…9 September, 2021 by Rachel Cavanagh
Sharks and rays are at risk of extinction globally. This reflects low resilience to increasing fishing pressure, exacerbated by habitat loss, climate change, increasing value in a trade and inadequate…
7 September, 2021 by Jade Reidy, Jade Reidy
We examine the magnetotail using data from the Hot Ion Analyzer on Cluster 1 during 2001–2009. We develop and utilise an algorithm in order to identify times during which Cluster…
7 September, 2021 by James France
The methane emissions from the Hungarian Pannonian Basin are not well qualified, due to a lack of measurements of CH4 mole fraction and δ13CCH4 in the air. This study reports…7 September, 2021 by Chester Sands, David Barnes, Nadescha Zwerschke
Diminishing prospects for environmental preservation under climate change are intensifying efforts to boost capture, storage and sequestration (long-term burial) of carbon. However, as Earth’s biological carbon sinks also shrink, remediation…7 September, 2021 by Kevin Newsham, Will Goodall-Copestake
Mycothalli, symbioses between liverworts and soil fungi, have not previously been recorded in the Arctic. Here, 13 species of leafy liverwort from west Spitsbergen in the High Arctic are examined…Read more on Liverworts frequently form mycothalli on Spitsbergen in the High Arctic
6 September, 2021 by Amelie Kirchgaessner, Andrew Orr, John King, Tony Phillips
A foehn event on 27 January 2011 over the Larsen C Ice Shelf (LCIS), Antarctic Peninsula and its interaction with an exisiting ground-based cold-air pool is simulated using the MetUM…3 September, 2021 by Peter Convey
The external morphology of the fourth-instar larva of the Antarctic endemic chironomid midge Belgica antarctica is described. Larvae were collected from Jougla Point (Wiencke Island) and an un-named island close…1 September, 2021 by Andy Smith, Dominic Hodgson, Daniel Ashurst, James Smith, Keith Makinson, Paul Anker, Peter Davis
Subglacial sediments have the potential to reveal information about the controls on glacier flow, changes in ice-sheet history and characterise life in those environments. Retrieving sediments from beneath the ice,…Read more on A new percussion hammer mechanism for a borehole deployable subglacial sediment corer
1 September, 2021 by Alex Brisbourne, Andy Smith, Dominic Hodgson, Keith Makinson, Keith Nicholls, Paul Anker
Three holes were drilled to the bed of Rutford Ice Stream, through ice up to 2154 m thick, to investigate the basal processes and conditions associated with fast ice flow…1 September, 2021 by Andy Smith, Keith Makinson, Keith Nicholls, Paul Anker
During the 2018/19 Antarctic field season, the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) Basal conditions on Rutford Ice Stream: BEd Access, Monitoring and Ice Sheet History’ (BEAMISH) project drilled three holes through…Read more on The BEAMISH hot water drill system and its use on the Rutford Ice Stream, Antarctica
1 September, 2021 by Andrew Meijers
The deepest wintertime (Jul-Sep) mixed layers associated with Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) formation develop in the Indian and Pacific sectors of the Southern Ocean. In these two sectors the dominant…
1 September, 2021 by Alex Brisbourne, Carson McAfee, Julius Rix, Keith Makinson, Paul Anker, Sean Quirk
A programmable borehole measurement system was deployed in hot water drilled ice holes during the ‘Bed Access and Monitoring of Ice Sheet History’ (BEAMISH) project to drill to the bed…Read more on Non-contact measurement system for hot water drilled ice boreholes
1 September, 2021 by Andy Smith, David Goodger, Julius Rix, Keith Makinson, Paul Anker, Scott Polfrey
Recent drilling successes on Rutford Ice Stream in West Antarctica demonstrate the viability of hot water drilling subglacial access holes to depths >2000 m. Having techniques to access deep subglacial…Read more on Development of a clean hot water drill to access Subglacial Lake CECs, West Antarctica
1 September, 2021 by Melody Clark, Tejaswi Yarra
Mollusc shells are a result of the deposition of crystalline and amorphous calcite catalysed by enzymes and shell matrix proteins. Developing a detailed understanding of bivalve mollusc biomineralization pathways is…
1 September, 2021 by Carlos Martin Garcia, Julius Rix, Rebecca Tuckwell, Robert Mulvaney, Scott Polfrey
To understand the long-term climate and glaciological evolution of the ice sheet in the region bordering the Weddell Sea, the British Antarctic Survey has undertaken a series of successful ice…Read more on Ice drilling on Skytrain Ice Rise and Sherman Island, Antarctica
1 September, 2021 by Eugene Murphy, John Turner, Michael Meredith, Philip Hollyman, Philip Trathan, Rachel Cavanagh, Simeon Hill, Susie Grant
Southern Ocean marine ecosystems are highly vulnerable to climate-driven change, the impacts of which must be factored into conservation and management. The Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living…1 September, 2021 by Huw Griffiths, Katrin Linse
The Southern Ocean (SO) continental shelf and deep sea are environments characterised by different benthic communities. Their structure and composition are driven and shaped by different variables: whilst on the…Read more on Drivers of abundance and spatial distribution in Southern Ocean peracarid Crustacea
1 September, 2021 by Martin Collins, Philip Hollyman, Richard Phillips
Seabird mortality in fisheries is a global problem and a major driver of the continued decline of many seabird populations. Unless appropriate mitigation is in place, longline fishing can cause…1 September, 2021 by Eugene Murphy, Martin Collins, Philip Hollyman, Philip Trathan, Sophie Fielding, Victoria Warwick-Evans
The objective of the ecosystem approach to fisheries management is to sustain healthy marine ecosystems and the fisheries they support. One of the earliest implementations was in the Southern Ocean,…1 September, 2021 by Hua Lu, John King, Thomas Bracegirdle
A new regime index is constructed to capture the seasonal development of the stratospheric polar vortex in the northern winter, based on the standard deviation of Ertel’s potential vorticity in…
1 September, 2021 by Caitlin Frankish, Richard Phillips
Fisheries bycatch is a major threat to marine megafauna such as seabirds. Population monitoring has revealed low survival of juvenile seabirds over recent decades, potentially because naïve individuals are more…Read more on Tracking juveniles confirms fisheries-bycatch hotspot for an endangered albatross
1 September, 2021 by Dieter Tetzner, Dorothea Moser, Liz Thomas
The climate of the sub-Antarctic is important in understanding the environmental conditions of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean. However, regional climate proxy records from this region are scarce. In this…31 August, 2021 by Rachel Cavanagh
To evaluate the species diversity and strengthen the taxonomic identification of elasmobranchs in the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh, a study was conducted in the southeast coastal region between January 2016…31 August, 2021 by John Turner, Paul Holland
Over the modern satellite era, substantial climatic changes have been observed in the Antarctic, including atmospheric and oceanic warming, ice sheet thinning and a general Antarctic-wide expansion of sea ice,…Read more on Tropical teleconnection impacts on Antarctic climate changes
28 August, 2021 by Thomas Bracegirdle
Projections of the sea level contribution from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets rely on atmospheric and oceanic drivers obtained from climate models. The Earth System Models participating in the…
28 August, 2021 by Richard Horne
Density irregularities near the plasmapause are commonly observed and play an important role in whistler-mode wave excitation and propagation. In this study, we report a frequency-dependent modulation event of whistler-mode…
28 August, 2021 by Mark Clilverd
A spring-fall asymmetry is observed in daytime amplitude values of very low frequency (VLF) radio wave signals propagating over the North Atlantic during 2011–2019. We explore the processes behind this…