Showing 11880 items
5 October, 2021 by Huw Griffiths
Southern Ocean ecosystems offer numerous benefits to human society and the global environment, and maintaining them requires well-informed and effective ecosystem-based management. Up to date and accurate information is needed…5 October, 2021 by Richard Horne
The plasmasphere is a vast torus shape region of the inner magnetosphere, filled with dense (∼1−106#/cm−3) and cold (less than 10eV) ions and electrons. The outer boundary of the plasmasphere,…4 October, 2021 by Richard Horne
Microbursts, short-lived but intense electron precipitation observed by low-Earth-orbiting satellites, may contribute significantly to the losses of energetic electrons in the outer radiation belt. Their origin is likely due to…Read more on Electron microbursts induced by nonducted chorus waves
1 October, 2021 by John Turner, Kevin Hughes, Peter Convey
Antarctica is increasingly vulnerable to climate change impacts, with the continent predicted to warm by ∼4 °C by 2100 under a ‘business as usual’ greenhouse gas emission scenario. Simultaneously, human…1 October, 2021
With the advent of chromatin-interaction maps, chromosome-level genome assemblies have become a reality for a wide range of organisms. Scaffolding quality is, however, difficult to judge. To explore this gap,…
1 October, 2021 by Eugene Murphy
Climate change alters the extent and structure of sea-ice environments, which affects how they function as a habitat for polar species. Identifying sea-ice characteristics that serve as indicators of habitat…
1 October, 2021 by Thomas Bracegirdle
Stationary wave changes play a significant role in the regional climate change response in Southern Hemisphere (SH) winter. In particular, almost all CMIP5 models feature a substantial strengthening of the…Read more on Tropical and subtropical forcing of future Southern Hemisphere stationary wave changes
1 October, 2021 by Peter Convey
The few Antarctic studies to date to have applied metabarcoding in Antarctica have primarily focused on microorganisms. In this study, for the first time, we apply high-throughput sequencing of environmental…1 October, 2021 by Anne-Sophie Bonnet-Lebrun, Iain Staniland, Kayleigh Jones, Norman Ratcliffe
Sexual segregation, the differential space, habitat or resource use by males and females, can have profound implications for conservation, as one sex may be more vulnerable to environmental and anthropogenic…Read more on Sexual segregation in juvenile Antarctic fur seals
1 October, 2021 by Rowan Whittle
King George Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula) is renowned for its terrestrial palaeoenvironmental record, which includes evidence for potentially up to four Cenozoic glacial periods. An advantage of the…
1 October, 2021 by Philip Trathan, Peter Fretwell
Species extinction risk is accelerating due to anthropogenic climate change, making it urgent to protect vulnerable species through legal frameworks in order to facilitate conservation actions that help mitigate risk.…
1 October, 2021 by Alex Burton-Johnson, Kelly Hogan, Philip Leat, Teal Riley
The ancestral South Sandwich arc (ASSA) records evidence of Oligocene – Miocene intra-oceanic island arc volcanism in the central Scotia Sea and potentially formed an important topographic barrier to deep…
1 October, 2021 by Richard Phillips
The use of miniaturized electronic tracking devices has illuminated our understanding of seabird distributions and habitat use, and how anthropogenic threats interact with seabirds in both space and time. To…
1 October, 2021 by Mark Clilverd, Nigel Meredith, Richard Horne, Sarah Glauert
The high energy electron population in Earth’s outer radiation belt is extremely variable, changing by multiple orders of magnitude on timescales that vary from under an hour to several weeks.…1 October, 2021 by Florian Mekhaldi, Julius Rix, Robert Mulvaney
Ice cores are excellent archives for obtaining long and continuous 10Be records. However, traditional ice core 10Be measurements required a lot of ice (0.5–1kg) and often needed to be connected…Read more on The potential for a continuous 10Be record measured on ice chips from a borehole
1 October, 2021 by Jane Francis
The global reach of the COVID-19 pandemic threatened Antarctic activities, even though the continent is isolated and remote. Members of the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs (COMNAP) quickly…
30 September, 2021 by Nigel Meredith, Richard Horne, Sarah Glauert
Energetic particle fluxes in the outer magnetosphere present a significant challenge to modeling efforts as they can vary by orders of magnitude in response to solar wind driving conditions. In…30 September, 2021 by Chester Sands
Ecological studies that enhance our understanding of the structure and function of the natural world rely heavily on accurate species identification. With rapid sample accumulation and declining taxonomic expertise, cladistics,…30 September, 2021 by Anna Belcher, Gabriele Stowasser, Ryan Saunders
Myctophids (Family Myctophidae, commonly known as the lanternfishes) are critical components of open ocean food webs and an important part of the ocean biological carbon pump, as many species actively…
23 September, 2021 by Jennifer Jackson
The Indian Ocean humpback dolphin Sousa plumbea has been described as South Africa’s most endangered marine mammal due to its low abundance, reliance on coastal habitats with increasing anthropogenic threats…22 September, 2021 by Eugene Murphy, Philip Trathan, Sophie Fielding
Estimates of the distribution and density of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana, 1850) were derived from a large-scale survey conducted during the austral summer in the Southwest Atlantic sector of…22 September, 2021 by Lloyd Peck, Rebecca De Leij
Ecosystems and their biota operate on cyclic rhythms, often entrained by predictable, small-scale changes in their natural environment. Recording and understanding these rhythms can detangle the effect of human induced…20 September, 2021 by Claire Waluda
Microplastics (< 5mm in size) is known to be widespread in the marine environment, but it is still poorly studied in Polar Regions, particularly in the Antarctic. As penguins have…17 September, 2021
Long-term and continuous observations of mesospheric-lower thermospheric winds are rare, but they are important to investigate climatological changes at these altitudes on timescales of several years, covering a solar cycle…
15 September, 2021 by Tracy Moffat-Griffin
Climatological structure of the quasi-2-day wave (Q2DW) at middle latitudes in temperature and horizontal winds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) was compared between the northern and southern hemispheres.…
15 September, 2021 by Bianca Perren, Dominic Hodgson
Despite evidence for microbial endemism, an understanding of the impact of geological and paleoclimate events on the evolution of regional protist communities remains elusive. Here, we provide insights into the…Read more on Extinction of austral diatoms in response to large-scale climate dynamics in Antarctica
10 September, 2021
In species that live in family groups, such as cooperative breeders, inbreeding is usually avoided through the recognition of familiar kin. For example, individuals may avoid mating with conspecifics encountered…
10 September, 2021 by Lloyd Peck, Michael Meredith, Melody Clark
A long-standing paradox of marine populations is chaotic genetic patchiness (CGP), temporally unstable patterns of genetic differentiation that occur below the geographic scale of effective dispersal. Several mechanisms are hypothesized…9 September, 2021 by Emma Young
Quantifying the level of population connectivity within and between geographically separated single-species deep-water fisheries stocks will be vital for designing effective management plans to preserve such populations. Despite this, stock…9 September, 2021 by Rachel Cavanagh
Sharks and rays are at risk of extinction globally. This reflects low resilience to increasing fishing pressure, exacerbated by habitat loss, climate change, increasing value in a trade and inadequate…
7 September, 2021 by Jade Reidy, Jade Reidy
We examine the magnetotail using data from the Hot Ion Analyzer on Cluster 1 during 2001–2009. We develop and utilise an algorithm in order to identify times during which Cluster…
7 September, 2021 by James France
The methane emissions from the Hungarian Pannonian Basin are not well qualified, due to a lack of measurements of CH4 mole fraction and δ13CCH4 in the air. This study reports…7 September, 2021 by Chester Sands, David Barnes, Nadescha Zwerschke
Diminishing prospects for environmental preservation under climate change are intensifying efforts to boost capture, storage and sequestration (long-term burial) of carbon. However, as Earth’s biological carbon sinks also shrink, remediation…7 September, 2021 by Kevin Newsham, Will Goodall-Copestake
Mycothalli, symbioses between liverworts and soil fungi, have not previously been recorded in the Arctic. Here, 13 species of leafy liverwort from west Spitsbergen in the High Arctic are examined…Read more on Liverworts frequently form mycothalli on Spitsbergen in the High Arctic
6 September, 2021 by Amelie Kirchgaessner, Andrew Orr, John King, Tony Phillips
A foehn event on 27 January 2011 over the Larsen C Ice Shelf (LCIS), Antarctic Peninsula and its interaction with an exisiting ground-based cold-air pool is simulated using the MetUM…3 September, 2021 by Peter Convey
The external morphology of the fourth-instar larva of the Antarctic endemic chironomid midge Belgica antarctica is described. Larvae were collected from Jougla Point (Wiencke Island) and an un-named island close…1 September, 2021 by Andy Smith, Dominic Hodgson, Daniel Ashurst, James Smith, Keith Makinson, Paul Anker, Peter Davis
Subglacial sediments have the potential to reveal information about the controls on glacier flow, changes in ice-sheet history and characterise life in those environments. Retrieving sediments from beneath the ice,…Read more on A new percussion hammer mechanism for a borehole deployable subglacial sediment corer
1 September, 2021 by Alex Brisbourne, Andy Smith, Dominic Hodgson, Keith Makinson, Keith Nicholls, Paul Anker
Three holes were drilled to the bed of Rutford Ice Stream, through ice up to 2154 m thick, to investigate the basal processes and conditions associated with fast ice flow…1 September, 2021 by Andy Smith, Keith Makinson, Keith Nicholls, Paul Anker
During the 2018/19 Antarctic field season, the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) Basal conditions on Rutford Ice Stream: BEd Access, Monitoring and Ice Sheet History’ (BEAMISH) project drilled three holes through…Read more on The BEAMISH hot water drill system and its use on the Rutford Ice Stream, Antarctica
1 September, 2021 by Andrew Meijers
The deepest wintertime (Jul-Sep) mixed layers associated with Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) formation develop in the Indian and Pacific sectors of the Southern Ocean. In these two sectors the dominant…
1 September, 2021 by Alex Brisbourne, Carson McAfee, Julius Rix, Keith Makinson, Paul Anker, Sean Quirk
A programmable borehole measurement system was deployed in hot water drilled ice holes during the ‘Bed Access and Monitoring of Ice Sheet History’ (BEAMISH) project to drill to the bed…Read more on Non-contact measurement system for hot water drilled ice boreholes
1 September, 2021 by Andy Smith, David Goodger, Julius Rix, Keith Makinson, Paul Anker, Scott Polfrey
Recent drilling successes on Rutford Ice Stream in West Antarctica demonstrate the viability of hot water drilling subglacial access holes to depths >2000 m. Having techniques to access deep subglacial…Read more on Development of a clean hot water drill to access Subglacial Lake CECs, West Antarctica
1 September, 2021 by Melody Clark, Tejaswi Yarra
Mollusc shells are a result of the deposition of crystalline and amorphous calcite catalysed by enzymes and shell matrix proteins. Developing a detailed understanding of bivalve mollusc biomineralization pathways is…
1 September, 2021 by Carlos Martin Garcia, Julius Rix, Rebecca Tuckwell, Robert Mulvaney, Scott Polfrey
To understand the long-term climate and glaciological evolution of the ice sheet in the region bordering the Weddell Sea, the British Antarctic Survey has undertaken a series of successful ice…Read more on Ice drilling on Skytrain Ice Rise and Sherman Island, Antarctica
1 September, 2021 by Eugene Murphy, John Turner, Michael Meredith, Philip Hollyman, Philip Trathan, Rachel Cavanagh, Simeon Hill, Susie Grant
Southern Ocean marine ecosystems are highly vulnerable to climate-driven change, the impacts of which must be factored into conservation and management. The Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living…1 September, 2021 by Huw Griffiths, Katrin Linse
The Southern Ocean (SO) continental shelf and deep sea are environments characterised by different benthic communities. Their structure and composition are driven and shaped by different variables: whilst on the…Read more on Drivers of abundance and spatial distribution in Southern Ocean peracarid Crustacea
1 September, 2021 by Martin Collins, Philip Hollyman, Richard Phillips
Seabird mortality in fisheries is a global problem and a major driver of the continued decline of many seabird populations. Unless appropriate mitigation is in place, longline fishing can cause…1 September, 2021 by Eugene Murphy, Martin Collins, Philip Hollyman, Philip Trathan, Sophie Fielding, Victoria Warwick-Evans
The objective of the ecosystem approach to fisheries management is to sustain healthy marine ecosystems and the fisheries they support. One of the earliest implementations was in the Southern Ocean,…1 September, 2021 by Hua Lu, John King, Thomas Bracegirdle
A new regime index is constructed to capture the seasonal development of the stratospheric polar vortex in the northern winter, based on the standard deviation of Ertel’s potential vorticity in…
1 September, 2021 by Caitlin Frankish, Richard Phillips
Fisheries bycatch is a major threat to marine megafauna such as seabirds. Population monitoring has revealed low survival of juvenile seabirds over recent decades, potentially because naïve individuals are more…Read more on Tracking juveniles confirms fisheries-bycatch hotspot for an endangered albatross
1 September, 2021 by Dieter Tetzner, Dorothea Moser, Liz Thomas
The climate of the sub-Antarctic is important in understanding the environmental conditions of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean. However, regional climate proxy records from this region are scarce. In this…31 August, 2021 by Rachel Cavanagh
To evaluate the species diversity and strengthen the taxonomic identification of elasmobranchs in the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh, a study was conducted in the southeast coastal region between January 2016…31 August, 2021 by John Turner, Paul Holland
Over the modern satellite era, substantial climatic changes have been observed in the Antarctic, including atmospheric and oceanic warming, ice sheet thinning and a general Antarctic-wide expansion of sea ice,…Read more on Tropical teleconnection impacts on Antarctic climate changes
28 August, 2021 by Thomas Bracegirdle
Projections of the sea level contribution from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets rely on atmospheric and oceanic drivers obtained from climate models. The Earth System Models participating in the…
28 August, 2021 by Richard Horne
Density irregularities near the plasmapause are commonly observed and play an important role in whistler-mode wave excitation and propagation. In this study, we report a frequency-dependent modulation event of whistler-mode…
28 August, 2021 by Mark Clilverd
A spring-fall asymmetry is observed in daytime amplitude values of very low frequency (VLF) radio wave signals propagating over the North Atlantic during 2011–2019. We explore the processes behind this…27 August, 2021 by Carlos Martin Garcia
The crystal orientation fabric (COF) of ice sheets records the past history of ice sheet deformation and influences present-day ice flow dynamics. Though not widely implemented, coherent ice-penetrating radar is…
26 August, 2021 by Dani Jones, Emily Shuckburgh, James Byrne, Scott Hosking, Jeremy Wilkinson, Tony Phillips, Tom Andersson
Anthropogenic warming has led to an unprecedented year-round reduction in Arctic sea ice extent. This has far-reaching consequences for indigenous and local communities, polar ecosystems, and global climate, motivating the…Read more on Seasonal Arctic sea ice forecasting with probabilistic deep learning
26 August, 2021 by Andrew Fleming, Andreas Cziferszky
Bringing together a number of cutting-edge technologies that range from storing extremely large volumesof data all the way to developing scalable machine learning and deep learning algorithms in a distributed…25 August, 2021 by Thomas Lachlan-Cope
The science guiding the EUREC4A campaign and its measurements is presented. EUREC4A comprised roughly 5 weeks of measurements in the downstream winter trades of the North Atlantic – eastward and…
18 August, 2021 by Mervyn Freeman, Nigel Meredith, Richard Horne
The magnetopause marks the outer edge of the Earth’s magnetosphere and a distinct boundary between solar wind and magnetospheric plasma populations. In this letter, we use global magnetohydrodynamic simulations to…
18 August, 2021 by Ben Robinson, David Barnes, Simon Morley
Climate-related disturbance regimes are changing rapidly with profound consequences for ecosystems. Disturbance is often perceived as detrimental to biodiversity; however, the literature is divided on how they influence each other.…
18 August, 2021 by Fausto Ferraccioli
Geothermal heat flow in the polar regions plays a crucial role in understanding ice-sheet dynamics and predictions of sea level rise. Continental-scale indirect estimates often have a low spatial resolution…17 August, 2021 by Gareth Chisham
The aurora is a readily visible phenomenon of interest to many members of the public. However, the aurora and associated phenomena can also significantly impact communications, ground-based infrastructure, and high-altitude…Read more on Evaluating auroral forecasts against satellite observations
17 August, 2021 by Andrew Orr, Tony Phillips
We compare the performance of five different regional climate models (RCMs) (COSMO-CLM2, HIRHAM5, MAR3.10, MetUM, and RACMO2.3p2), forced by ERA-Interim reanalysis, in simulating the near-surface climate and surface mass balance…
16 August, 2021 by Leo Middleton
Double diffusion refers to a variety of turbulent processes in which potential energy is released into kinetic energy, made possible in the ocean by the difference in molecular diffusivities between…Read more on Estimating dissipation rates associated with double diffusion
16 August, 2021 by Richard Horne
Signals from very-low-frequency transmitters on the ground are known to induce energetic electron precipitation from the Earth's radiation belts. The effectiveness of this mechanism depends on the propagation characteristics of…Read more on Direct evidence reveals transmitter signal propagation in the magnetosphere
16 August, 2021 by Michael Meredith
Since the middle of the past century, the Western Antarctic Peninsula has warmed rapidly with a significant loss of sea ice but the impacts on plankton biodiversity and carbon cycling…
13 August, 2021 by Philip Trathan
As the global environmental crisis grows in scale and complexity, conservation professionals and policymakers are increasingly called upon to make decisions despite high levels of uncertainty, limited resources, and insufficient…11 August, 2021 by Mark Clilverd
Observational studies suggest that part of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) variability may be attributed to the spectral ultra-violet (UV) irradiance variations associated to the 11-year solar cycle. The observed…
5 August, 2021 by Jakob Thyrring, Lloyd Peck
Climate change has ecosystem‐wide cascading effects. Little is known, however, about the resilience of Arctic marine ecosystems to environmental change. Here we quantify and compare large‐scale patterns in rocky intertidal…
4 August, 2021 by Chester Sands, David Barnes, Eugene Murphy, Geraint Tarling, Jennifer Jackson, Kevin Hughes, Nadine Johnston, Philip Trathan, Richard Phillips, Rachel Cavanagh, Ryan Saunders, Sally Thorpe
Southern Ocean ecosystems are globally important. Processes in the Antarctic atmosphere, cryosphere, and the Southern Ocean directly influence global atmospheric and oceanic systems. Southern Ocean biogeochemistry has also been shown…Read more on Global connectivity of Southern Ocean ecosystems
4 August, 2021 by Huw Griffiths
Thirty-seven holothuroid species, including six potentially new, are reported from the eastern Weddell Sea in Antarctica. Information regarding sea cucumbers in this dataset is based on Agassiz Trawl (AGT) samples…
3 August, 2021 by Clara Manno, Emily Rowlands, Sally Thorpe, Victoria Peck
In aquatic environments, plastic pollution occurs concomitantly with anthropogenic climate stressors such as ocean acidification. Within the Southern Ocean, Antarctic krill (Euphausia Superba) support many marine predators and play a…
1 August, 2021 by Philip Trathan, Victoria Warwick-Evans
The Antarctic Peninsula is one of the most rapidly warming regions on earth, and it is likely that the abundance and distribution of marine predators will change as a result.Procellariiform…
1 August, 2021 by Emily Venables, Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand, James Smith, Keith Makinson, Keith Nicholls, Paul Anker
Because ice shelves respond to climatic forcing over a range of time scales, from years to millennia, an understanding of their long-term history is critically needed for predicting their future…Read more on History of Larsen C Ice Shelf reconstructed from sub-ice shelf and offshore sediments
1 August, 2021 by Simeon Hill
Efforts to model marine food-webs are generally undertaken by small teams working separately on specific regions (
1 August, 2021
Cephalopods are an important component of Southern Ocean food webs but studies analysing their habitat and trophic ecology are scarce. Here, we use the Antarctic toothfish Dissostichus mawsoni as a…
1 August, 2021 by Markus Frey
Elevated concentrations of atmospheric bromine are known to cause ozone depletion in the Arctic, which is most frequently observed during springtime. We implement a detailed description of bromine and chlorine…
1 August, 2021
For top consumers in marine environments, trophic discrimination factors (∆13C and ∆15N) between food and consumers’ tissues are expected to be similar among related species. However, few studies conducted in…
1 August, 2021 by Anna Belcher, Geraint Tarling, Gabriele Stowasser, Louise Ireland, Peter Fretwell, Sophie Fielding
Antarctic krill are the dominant metazoan in the Southern Ocean in terms of biomass; however, their wide and patchy distribution means that estimates of their biomass are still uncertain. Most…
1 August, 2021 by Jacob Opher, Alexander Brearley, Michael Meredith
The Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) is experiencing significant mass loss and freshwater discharge at glacier fronts. The freshwater input from Greenland will impact the physical properties of adjacent coastal seas,…Read more on Tracing glacial meltwater from the Greenland Ice Sheet to the ocean using gliders
1 August, 2021 by Carlos Martin Garcia
Crary Ice Rise formed after the Ross Ice Shelf re-grounded ~1 kyr BP. We present new ice-penetrating radar data from two systems operating at center frequencies of 7 and 750…1 August, 2021 by Elisa Bergami
Marine nano-ecotoxicology has emerged with the purpose to assess the environmental risks associated with engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) among contaminants of emerging concerns entering the marine environment. ENMs’ massive production and…1 August, 2021 by James France
Biological oxidation of methane in landfill cover material can be calculated from the carbon isotopic signature (δ13CCH4) of emitted CH4. Enhanced microbial consumption of methane in the aerobic portion of…
28 July, 2021 by Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand
Major ice loss in the Amundsen Sea sector of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is hypothesized to have triggered ice sheet collapses during past warm periods such as those…Read more on Evidence for a highly dynamic West Antarctic Ice Sheet during the Pliocene
28 July, 2021 by Simon Morley
Marine mammal sightings were recorded during research cruises to three remote, mid-ocean British Overseas Territories in the South Atlantic and Southern Ocean. In March to April 2018 and 2019, the…27 July, 2021 by Philip Trathan
Wild penguins are facing increased threats to their populations and their welfare as a consequence of human activities. Understanding the perception of animal welfare is essential to identify ethical concerns…Read more on A citizen science trial to assess perception of wild penguin welfare
27 July, 2021 by James France
Atmospheric ethane can be used as a tracer to distinguish methane sources, both at the local and global scale. Currently, ethane can be measured in the field using flasks or…23 July, 2021 by Alex Brisbourne, Andy Smith, Sofia-Katerina Kufner
Antarctic ice sheet history is imprinted in the structure and fabric of the ice column. At ice rises, the signature of ice flow history is preserved due to the low…Read more on Downhole distributed acoustic seismic profiling at Skytrain Ice Rise, West Antarctica
22 July, 2021 by Dani Jones
Progress within physical oceanography has been concurrent with the increasing sophistication of tools available for its study. The incorporation of machine learning (ML) techniques offers exciting possibilities for advancing the…22 July, 2021 by Gareth Marshall
Arctic surface temperature has increased at approximately twice the global rate over the past few decades and is also projected to warm most in the 21st century. However, the mechanism…
21 July, 2021 by Gareth Chisham, Mervyn Freeman, Rob Shore
The archive of plasma velocity measurements from the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) provides a rich dataset for investigation of magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere coupling. However, systematic gaps in this archive exist…20 July, 2021 by James France
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are contaminants of emerging Arctic concern and are present in the marine environments of the polar regions. Their input to and fate within the marine…
19 July, 2021 by Luca Telesca
Mussels belonging to the Mytilus species complex (M. edulis, ME; M. galloprovincialis, MG; and M. trossulus, MT) often occur in sympatry, facilitating introgressive hybridisation. This may be further promoted by…17 July, 2021 by Caitlin Frankish, Richard Phillips
1. Many seabirds dive to forage, and the ability to use this hunting technique varies according to such factors as morphology, physiology, prey availability, and ambient light levels. Proficient divers…
16 July, 2021 by Alex Brisbourne, Andy Smith, Sofia-Katerina Kufner
Icequakes, microseismic earthquakes at glaciers, offer insights into the dynamics of ice sheets. For the first time in the Antarctic, we explore the use of fiber optic cables as Distributed…
15 July, 2021 by Peter Convey
We describe seasonal changes in the biogeochemistry, microbial community and ecosystem production of two glacial snowpacks in the maritime Antarctic during a cold summer. Frequent snowfall and low, intermittent melt…