Age, growth and maximum size of Antarctic notothenioid fish — revisited

The temperature of the Southern Ocean has undergone an overall reduction from about 20 °C to −1.8 °C over the last 55–60 million years. To date, the Southern Ocean is characterized by low temperatures ranging from +3 °C close to the South Polar Frontal Zone to −1.86 °C in the vicinity of the Antarctic continent and a strong seasonality and patchiness of primary productivity.

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